Cahto - English


tlʾ


-tlʾatnsuffixmiddle of Xin time or space8.6.5Middle???tl'atSource forms: ...ʟᵋûtʟᵋût...L ût, ...Lût, ...ʟûtkai-tlʾatadvwinter season (mid-winter)neeʾtlʾatadvmiddle of the earthshiin-tlʾatadvmid-summertaa-tlʾatadvmiddle of the oceantoo-tlʾatadvmiddle of the oceanyaah-tlʾatadvmiddle of the sky
*tlʾaaʾ1n iabuttocks, rear end2.1.2Torso2postpright behind P, following P, heeling Pshitlʾaaʾbehind me/heelingGNb5 44.14"Shlootc shitlʾaaʾ naandaalh.""Walk along behind me, my puppy.GT02b 43.37.2.5.2Follow8.5.1.1.1Behind1sg. poss.shitlʾaaʾmy buttockstl'atl'aa'-tł'a' "buttocks, rear-end"-tʾłaʾ "buttocks"Source forms: cit La-Lacit L͓a, cīt La
tlʾeeʾadvnight"Naaghai tlʾeeʾ naaghai-bang, naaghai," tcʾin yaaʾnii."As for the moon, the moon will go around at night," he said, they say.GT02a 10.13Kwanlhan djiing, kwanlhan ilhghil titbilh yaaʾnii, kwanlhan tlʾeeʾ.It rains every day and every evening, they say, and every night.GT02b 10.4Kwanlhan titbilh yaaʾnii, kwanlhang yiilhkai, kwanlhang djiing, kwanlhang tlʾeeʾ.It rained all the time, they say, every monrning, every day, every night.GT02b 14.1nindaash-kwaandin tlʾeeʾ djiing-hit yaaʾnii, Where they had danced in the night and the day, they say,GT06 7.2"Tlʾeeʾ siidai, chʾishdikʾ-ee," tcʾin yaaʾnii.At night I sit and crack acorns," she said, they say.GT10 52.7Wantaah tlʾeeʾ siidaa-yee, tlʾeeʾ neesding.Some nights I sat up all night long.GT10 53.8"Tlʾeeʾ nilh siitiin-ee.""I lay with you at night.GT30 5.2Chʾnaalhdang tlʾeeʾ kineesh yaaʾnii.The adolescent girl talked in the night, they say.GT30 6.4Tlʾeeʾ, " chʾnaalhdang kineesh-ʾanjii."In the night, "The adolescent girl is talking."GT30 8.18.4.1.2.1Nightqətl'e' ??qi-tl'ee'xutł'e' "night"kit'ee': Ket-tā' 'Tonight' [SS-M] Ket-tă'-cho 'Night', 'Darkness' [SS-M]Source forms: tsé‑ŭtLeᵋ, Leᵋ..., Le...LeᵋL͓e+, L!e, ʟ!e, L͓e, Leʟꜝeᵋ, ʟꜝéᵋtĕ...Tĕ´Lĕ...ᴛe, ᴛe...hai tlʾeeʾadvthat nightkwanlhaan tlʾeeʾadvevery nightshaa tlʾeeʾnaaghain amoon
tlʾeeʾ neesdingadvall night longDjiing neesdin, tlʾeeʾ neesdin yiighilhkaal-it skii tceeh yaaʾnii.All day long, all night long, and when the day was breaking, the baby cries, they say.GT08 1.28.4.1.2Daycomp. oftlʾeeʾnightneesdingfar/highSource forms: Lʼeᵋ nes dûñLꜝe nes dûñ
tlʾeeʾdanʾitadvlate in the morning"The day was divided as follows:
ᴛe ha, early in the morning
ᴛe tanet, late in the morning
djiñhit, midday
ca cenonyai, afternoon (sundown)
uʟgulit, getting dark
ca kulgeʟ, night (dark)" (Loeb, p.20)
8.4.1.2.3Time of the day
dial. var.tʾeeʾdanʾitLM dial.der. oftlʾeeʾdangʾmorning=hitwhenSource forms: ᴛe tanet
tlʾeeʾdangʾadvin the morningTlʾeeʾdanʾ kaasinyaash-bang, kʾeeninyaash-bang, Neeʾ biinaahindaash-bang."You (sun) must come up in the morning, go down, and go around the World.GT04 9.3Diidakʾ tlʾeeʾdanʾ kaanaasindaash-bang.You must come up again in the east in the morning.GT04 9.4Shaa kaanaash tlʾeeʾdangʾ yiiskaan yaah.The sun comes up in the sky at dawn in the morning.GT04 NB1 alternate 16.1"Tlʾeeʾdangʾ kaasinyaash-bang."In the morning you will come up.GT04 NB1 alternate 18.18.4.1.2.3Time of the daycomp. oftlʾeeʾnightdaangʾalready/long agoxutł'e'-dung' "(early) in the morning, daybreak"Source forms: Leᵋ dûñ, Le dûñ, Le dûnLe dûn, Lꜝe dûn, ʟe dûñ
tlʾeeʾhaaʾadvearly in the morning"The day was divided as follows:
ᴛe ha, early in the morning
ᴛe tanet, late in the morning
djiñhit, midday
ca cenonyai, afternoon (sundown)
uʟgulit, getting dark
ca kulgeʟ, night (dark)" (Loeb, p.20)
8.4.1.2.3Time of the day
dial. var.tʾeeʾhaaʾLM dial.der. oftlʾeeʾnight=haaʾjustSource forms: ᴛe ha
tlʾeeʾitadv1at nightChʾintʾaang chʾilhdikʾ-bang, tlʾeeʾit chʾilhdikʾ-bang chʾintʾaang.You must crack acorns and you must crack acorns at night.GT10 15.78.4.1.2.3Time of the day2nighttime8.4.1.2.3Time of the daydial. var.tʾeeʾ-itder. oftlʾeeʾnight=hitwhenSource forms: tsé ŭt [sic]Leᵋ ût, Leᵋ etLeᵋ ûtLꜝe ûtTĕ´-ĕt
Tlʾeeʾkaanaashn aMorning Star, VenusgengooyaaneeʾstarsynKaaldaashMorning Star1.1.1.3Planetder. oftlʾeeʾnightkaa-(ghin)..yaash/yaacome up from below=iNRxutł'e'dung'-xa:sina:wh "morning star"Source forms: Lĕ ka nac
tlʾeeʾnaaghain amoon, "night walker"synnaaghai 1moonnaaghai 1moonshaa tlʾeeʾnaaghaimoonshaa1 2moonShtcghiitcinGrandfather Moon (address)ShtcooGrandmother Moon (address)1.1.1.1Moondial. var.tʾeeʾnaaghaicomp. oftlʾeeʾnightnaaghaimoonxutł'e'-wha "moon"Source forms: t̥ʼé‑ná‑g͡haiᴛe nagai
tlʾghishn awestern rattlesnake, northern Pacific rattlesnakeCrotalus o. oreganusneither eaten nor hunted, killed by clubbing (not shooting) when encountered; unlucky to mention the name; Rattlesnake songs sung in winter to stop rain, never sung in summer; rattlesnake bites treated by cutting the bite open to bleed, applying an angelica root poultice, and singing Rattlesnake songs, treatment by the naachʾilhnaa soul-loss doctor; those killed by rattlesnake bites were cremated, as other victims of violent death

not eaten (Curtis, p.202)
"not hunted/eaten; killed whenever met; clubbed because lameness results if shot with arrow. Unlucky to mention rattlesnake name. Rattlesnake songs in winter to stop rain; songs forbidden in summer" (Loeb, p.46)
"Rattlesnake bite. Bite cut with flint, bled; angelica poultice; rattlesnake songs." (Loeb, p.48)
"873. Rattlesnake venom as poison [for arrows] ... *+" (Driver, p.327)
"873. Kato: Only war arrows poisoned." (Driver, p.390)
"*873 Un. Rattlesnake venom as arrow poison ... [D] + [E] - May be used by shamans, never by nonshamans; too dangerous" (Essene, p.75)
"1896. Rattlesnakes associated with poisoners ... *+; 1897. Rattlesnakes ground, used for poisoning ... +; 1898. Whole rattlesnakes used ... -; 1899. Poisoner eats nonpoisonous snakes ... -" (Essene, p.43)
"1896. Kl, Ka, Yu: Any man caught killing rattlesnakes was suspected of being a poisoner; people even suspected anyone who spent too much of his time alone in the hills." (Essene, p.69)
"1955. Rattlesnake doctor treats snake bites ... *+; 1956. Charms snakes as exhibition ... -; 1957. Sucks place snake struck ... -; 1958. Image of snake made to refrighten patient ... +; 1959. Patient sung and danced over, not sucked ... +; 1960. Sun associated with rattlesnake doctor ... +; 1961. Sun helps doctor ... *(-); 1962. If sun is 'bloody,' patient will die; if clear, patient will live ... +" (Essene, p.44)
"1955. Ka: Soul-loss doctor." (Essene, p.70)
"1961. Ka: Contradicts note 1853." (Essene, p.70) "Powers or Guardian Spirits ... 1853. Kl, Ka, La, Yu: Rattlesnake shaman gets power from sun." (Essene, p.69)
"1578. Ka: [Cremation] For death by violence only, such as killed by rattlesnake, bear, in war." (Essene, p.66)
"*Un. 1578 Cremation of dead ... [D] - [E] + E: 'For death by violence only, such as in war, by rattlesnake, or bear.' (Essene, p.76)
"Jaang lhʾghish lhaa-manjaaʾ," tcʾin yaaʾnii."Let there be many rattlesnakes here," he said, they say.GT02b 40.7Lhʾghish ghinlhaan-eekwaanang.Rattlesnakes had become many.GT02b 48.1Lhʾghish diidakʾ sliinʾ yaaʾnii.Rattlesnakes came into being in the east, they say.GT07 23.10Lhʾghish ninyaa yaaʾnii.A rattlesnake came, they say.GT30 1.2"Shiiyaatcʾeeʾtc, lhʾghish, doohaaʾ-ninʾindikʾeeʾ, nilh neestiin-eekwaanaang.""My daughter, do not get up! A rattlesnake has lain down with you!"GT30 15.1"Doo-lhʾghish-yee.""It is not a rattlesnake.GT30 16.1"Lhʾghish uudjiisolhtik-deeʾ, sheeʾeedin-teilee uudjiiʾolhtik-deeʾ."When you kill the rattlesnake, I will die if you kill it.GT30 16.5Naanghilghaalʾ, lhʾghish uudjiiʾghiltik yaaʾnii.He beat the rattlesnake and it was killed it, they say.GT30 17.2Lhʾghish ninʾisdikʾeeʾ, too yiighintooʾ yaaʾnii.The rattlesnake got up and drank up all the water, they say.GT30 3.1gendiishooʾ 3snake1.6.1.3.1Snake
dial. var.lhʾghishBR dial.dial. var.tcʾghishGM, RR dial.dial. var.tcʾiʾishLM dial.dial. var.tcʾiwishGM dial.tłʾəʁəʃ, tłʾəʁəʃʷ 'eel; snake'tł'əʁəʃtł'iwh " rattlesnake (Crotalus), snake (in general)"tʾłi̩ɣi̩c "snake"Source forms: tlg͡hŭs͡h, Tlkŭ́s...ʟᵋ gûc, dō ʟʼ gûc yeʟ gûcL̟a gûc, La gû́c, Le+ gûc, ʟe gûc, L gûc, L gû́c, L gûc..., tce gûc..., dō ʟe gûc yetcŭʼŭcchoo´-ishtc gûccugus..., cus..., casTlʾghishn aRattlesnake (character)
Tlʾghishn aRattlesnake (character)character in the Rattlesnake Husband story (Goddard, 1909, pp.175-7, 234-5), a rattlesnake who changes back and forth to a man and marries a young woman"Tlʾghish aashtʾee-yee," tcʾin yaaʾnii."I am Rattlesnake," he said, they say.GT30 5.13.5.4.7Story Characterder. oftlʾghishrattlesnakeʟᵋ gûcʟe gûc
Tlʾghishlaa-kwilʾiingn aSnake Hand(nick)name for a man who had long fingers9.7.1.1Personal namesder. oftlʾghishrattlesnake*laaʾhand-kwilʾiingtreated likeSource forms: L gûc la kwil liñ
Tlʾghishneesn aFeathered Serpent, Long Rattlesnake, Horned Serpenta gigantic snake with feathers and long, white antlers like an elk's; found in tule beds; seduces girls; most dangerous thing to dream about

details in The Great Horned Serpent story (Goddard, 1909, pp.160-3, 226-7)
"a giant snake with horns and feathers" (Loeb, p.34)
"They travelled nearly to the middle of the world, and then Nághai-cho said to the dog: 'I want to catch that woman. You must hurry to the south ahead of her and stretch Tlkŭ́s-nĕs ['rattlesnake long'] across her path, and stop her. I will follow you as fast as I am able.' This snake was of immense length, with horns like those of an elk." (Curtis, p.166)
"2165. Feathered, horned serpent ... *+" (Essene, p.48)
"2165. Ka: Associated with tule beds; girls taught to avoid tule because snakes would seduce them." (Essene, p.72)
"892. Ka: Feathered serpent lived in tule beds, seduced young girls; only men 'with power' went near tule." (Essene, p.61)
"1665. Dreams usually considered a misforture (see 1653) ... +; 1666. To avert evil effects, sing ... +; 1667. Give feast to spirits seen ... *+; 1668. Snakes bad to dream about ... +; 1669. Feathered serpent most dangerous ... +" (Essene, p.38)
"1223 Un. Tule or rush mats ... [D] + [E] - Kato feared 'horned snake' of the marshes; tule used to represent snake in ceremonies; tule not put to profane use." (Essene, p.81)
cnstchʾoobaagh-NaahneeshIndian poison4.9.2Legendary being
comp. oftlʾghishrattlesnakenees1longSource forms: Tlkŭ́s-nĕstce gûc nescusnes, cugusnes
tlʾitsʾhe is strong; it is hardimpf.3(n)..tlʾitsʾbe hardSource forms: ʟûts kwûcLûts kwīcłû́tsꜝ kʿwic
√TLʾITSʾrtbe rough, strong, hardtłʼə̉tsʼ 'be strong, tough; (SP also) hard, solid'-tłits' "hard, solid (like stone)"-tʾłeʾts "to be hard (zero); -tʾłeʾs, -tʾłeʾts, tʾłeʾts, -tʾłeʾs "to become hard (zero)"Source forms: ...ʟûts, ...ʟûts ē-ʟûts, ...ʟûtsłû́tsꜝ...tʼɑ˕ts̥ʼghin..tlʾitsʾvdbecome rough-ntlʾitsʾnsuffixbe rough/hard/strong
tlʾiilhn aincense cedarCalocedrus decurrensThis is more common farther north, where it is used medicinally, the limbs used for bows, and the leaves used to line the acorn leaching base to keep sand from the acorn meal (Chesnut, 1902, p.306) It was probably used similarly where it is found in Cahto territory1.5.1.1Conifer2.5.7.3Medicinal plantstłʾeːł 'from *<tłʾay-ł ~ tłʾeː-ł>' 'fire-making tools: flint, firedrill'tłʼiːł́t'eelh "cedar": t!eʟ [GO-SS]Source forms: tlih͡l
tlʾohn a1prim.grassgeneral term for grasses, grasslike plants, and more broadly herbaceous plants
Uses: covering in the earth oven; hunting disguises for rodent hunting; squeaking on grass or leaf to attract deer; as surface under butchering deer; as pillow in the ceremonial/sweat house; grass stems for a type of women's breechcloth and for the 1-piece grass skirt/apron worn by girls after the puberty ceremony; above and below mother as she is "steamed" in a heated pit; used in hand for catching eels/lampreys; used as "toilet chips" for wiping

"355. Earth oven ... +; 358. Leaves or grass to cover ... +" (Driver, p.316)
"295. Earth oven ... +; 298. Leaves or grass to cover ... +; 299. Black-oak leaves preferred ... +" (Essene, p.9)
"*Sweat House ... 610. Leaf or grass pillow ... +" Driver, p.321)
"Sweat House ... 408. Leaf or grass pillow ... +" (Essene, p.11)
"*1001. Breechclout (between legs) ... MW; 1005. Whole grass stems ... W; 1006. 1-piece skirt or apron ... MW; 1010. Grass ... W" (Driver, p.330)
"703. One-piece skirt or apron ... W; 707. Grass ... *W" (Essene, p.18)
"707. Ka: Given to girl at conclusion of her puberty rite. Worn till worn out. No other occasion for wearing grass skirt." (Essene, p.60)
"1498. Girl's clothes changed or washed at end of rite ... +; 1499. Wears special grass skirt ... +" (Essene, p.35)
"1332. Mother steamed ... +; 1333. In heated pit ... +; 1334. Green grass and leaves under and over her ... +" (Essene, p.32)
"*2171. Toilet chips ... *+" (Essene, p.48)
"2171. Grass, leaves usual." (Essene, p.72)
"*Hand, Grass, or Many-stick Game ... 1464. Hide [the two bones] in grass in hand, b ... +" (Driver, p.340)
"*Hand, Grass, or Many-Stick Game ... 1060. Hide in grass in hand, b ... +" (Essene, p.26)
"Blinds, Disguises, Decoys ... 62. Grass on brush worn ... +; 63. ... -; 64. Rodents ... +; 65. Waterfowl ... -" (Driver, p.310)
"143. Deer butchered (drawn) in woods ... +; ... 146. On leaves or grass ... +" (Driver, p.311)
"114. Deer butchered (drawn) in woods ... *+; ... 117. On leaves or grass ... +" (Essene, p.5)
"170. Lampreys caught by hand, 'grass' in hand ... +" Essene, p.6)
"There is, however, a kind of game into which grass enters very conspicuousl and which is therefore called the 'grass game.' It is a purely gambling sport, which is played by four persons, two of whom manipulate a pair of small cylindrical bones in their hands. These are skillfully concealed in bunches of very finely chopped grass and are dexterously changed about from hand to hand at the will of the manipulators or the command of their opponents, who are seated opposite to them. One of the bones in each pair is marked by a band of black thread, and it is the object of the opponents to guess in which hand this bone is concealed. Any number of persons may bet on the game, but not more than four do the playing. It has long been the favourite way of gambling, but recently the authorities at Round Valley have forbidden its continuance. It is still played by the Indians who are not under such direct governmental control." (Chesnut, 1902, pp.310-1)
"The fresh leaves of any kind of grass were formerly used in tattooing, the green juice being pricked into the skin with a needle [bone needle]" (Chesnut, 1902, p.311)
Tlʾoh ndooʾ yaaʾnii.There was no grass, they say.GT01 1.7Uudjiiʾ-bang sʾisbaatʾ-it, tlʾoh uuyeeh nooʾngʾan yaaʾnii.When he had patted the grass he put it down underneath for his heart, they say.GT02a 8.12Tlʾoh tcʾghinyiish yaaʾnii.He broke off some grass, they say.GT02a 8.8Tlʾoh kwiiyaan-eekwaanang.Grass had grown up.GT02b 47.6Lhaan lhtaahkii tlʾoh kaalʾaaʾ-eekwaanang.Every kind of herb had sprouted up.GT02b 47.9Chʾkaakʾ tlʾoh bilh sʾistlʾoong-kwaan yaaʾnii.He had woven a net with grass, they say.GT08 9.11Tlʾoh tcʾteetʾaatsʾ-kwaan yaaʾnii.He had cut some grass, they say.GT08 9.4cnstghiltaatcʾ 1tattookoot 2hairbrushtlʾoh-naaghiʾaigrass gametlʾoh-nʾaigrass game1.5.3.2Grass
2gen.herbaceous plantgrass-like plant; herb, any herbaceous plant1.5.3Grass, herb, vine3prairie, grasslandsyntlʾohkʾiiprairie1.2.1.3Plain, plateau1.2.1.6Forest, grassland, desert
dial. var.tʾohGM, LMtłʼʊʁ, tłʼʊχtl'ohtł'ohtʾłoʿ "grass"tʾoh, tʾoʾ- grass'Source forms: Lōʽ, Loʽ LōʽḺōˣ, L͓ō+, L!ō, Lꜝō, Ḷō, Lō, L'ōʽ...ʟꜝōʿ, ʟꜝṓʿt'o ́...Tŏh´ᴛoTagittlʾohdingn aBetween Grass Place villages
Tlʾoh Ghilsaitcn aDried Grass, "Little Dried Grass" (girl's name)listed among girl's names or nicknames (Loeb, p.52)9.7.1.1Personal namesdial. var.Tʾoh YilsaitcLMcomp. oftlʾohgrass..ghilsaibe dried up-tcdiminutive suffixSource forms: ᴛo elsaidj
tlʾoh ti-(s)..tʾaas/tʾaatsʾvtcut off grassas for basketry or weir materialsTlʾoh tcʾteetʾaatsʾ-kwaan yaaʾnii.He had cut some grass, they say.GT08 9.46.2.4.1Cut grassperf. 3anim.tlʾoh tcʾteetʾaatsʾhe cut off grasscomp. oftlʾohgrassti-(s)..tʾaas/tʾaatsʾcut off OSource forms: Lʼoʿ tcʼ te tʼats kwąnLꜝō / kī̀ te tꜝûts kwûn
Tlʾoh-ʾEetsown aApril/May, "Grass Becomes Green" month"spring time now May"synNingʾ-Naalit8-April/May "Face Burning Up"Tlʾoh-Dilkʾis8-April/May "Brown Grass Month"8.4.1.4.1Months of the yearunspec. var.ʾEetsowcomp. oftlʾohgrassee..tsowbecome green/blue=iNRSource forms: (Lō) e tsō/
tlʾohchown abunch grassvarious species of clump-forming native grasses, some with edible grains, see entry tl'ohkaaTlʾohchow neesdaan-eekwaanang.The bunch grass seeds were ripe.GT02b 45.12Tlʾohchow kaalʾaa tcʾilhtcii yaaʾnii.He makes bunch grass grow, they say.GT02b.a 1.3sim.tlʾohkʾaaʾarrow-grassripen-s..daanbe ripe5.2.3.1.1.3Pinole/Cereals1.5.3.2Grassder. oftlʾohgrass-chowaugmentativeSource forms: Lō tcōLō´ tcō, Lō tcō
Tlʾohchown aJuly/August, "Bunch Grass" monthmonth 10 in list in (Goddard notebook I, p.26), between Uunaanaaghilhit and Naach'ighindeegheewhshiing-hitsummertime8.4.1.4.1Months of the yearSource forms: Lō tcōLō´ tcō
Tlʾohchowbiiʾn aBriceland, "Big Grass Valley", "Bunch Grass Valley"9.7.2.10.15Wailaki/Sinkyone (Inland) territory9.7.2.03Names of villages/townsSource forms: Lō tcō bī

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