Search results for "mama"

ɗawɨm nf. bee, honey abeille, miel (14 groups, 36 languages) C
This root is used both for the bee and for honey in most of the languages presented. In the proto-language reconstructions, 'honey' is given as the gloss, but only as a label. The reconstruction of the root poses several challenges. In the Daba and Mafa groups, the *ɗ and *w have fused, resulting in *ɓ in the Daba group and *ᵐgb in the Mafa groups. In many groups, the *ɗ or the *w has been lost. In many languages across almost all groups, this has triggered compensatory reduplication of the *m. In Mandara and Malgwa the loss has been compensated for by a prefixed /n/. In several languages the *w has been reanalysed as a vowel, or as the labialisation prosody. All of these are common sporadic processes.

1Proto-Daba *ɗawam honey miel 1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) ɓɑmɑm bee abeille 1.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ɑmɑm bee abeille 1.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ɓəɓam bee abeille 1.4) Daba (Lienhard) ɓòɓóm le miel, l'abeille

2Proto-Mafa *ᵐgbam honey miel 2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) mgbam bee abeille 2.1.1) Cuvok (Gravina) mgbam honey miel

3Proto-Sukur *mam honey miel 3.1) Sukur (David) mam honey 3.2) Sukur (Thomas) mam honey; a sweet sticky yellow substance made by bees.

4Proto-Hurza *wɨmam honey miel 4.1) Mbuko (Gravina) umam bee abeille 4.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) umam honey miel 4.2) Vame (Kinnaird) āmə̄māk 1 bee abeille 4.2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) āmə̄māk 2 honey miel

5Proto-Margi *wɨmɨ honey miel 5.1) Bura (Blench) muma Honey 5.2) Margi (Hoffman) məmə honey

6Proto-Mandara *ɗama honey miel 6.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) mama,-ə 1 abeille 6.1.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) mama,-ə 2 miel 6.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) nama miel (m), abeille (f) 6.3) Malgwa (Löhr) nama bee, honey 6.4) Glavda (Nghagyiva) màmː bee

7Proto-Mofu *awɨm honey miel 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) āmā bee abeille 7.1.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) āmā honey miel 7.2) Muyang (Smith) àmú honey, bee miel, abeille 7.3) Mada (Nkoumou) áma abeille 7.4) Moloko (Friesen) omom honey miel 7.5) Zulgo (Haller) amúm abeille f. 7.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) awom bee abeille 7.7) Merey (Gravina) wum bee abeille 7.7.1) Merey (Gravina) wum honey miel 7.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) amam honey miel 7.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) amam bee, honey abeille 7.9.1) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) amam miel

8Proto-Maroua *amam honey miel 8.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) amam honey miel 8.1.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) amam bee abeille 8.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʼamam miel

9Proto-Lamang *omo honey miel 9.1) Lamang (Wolff) ómó honey

10Proto-Kotoko North *mam honey miel 10.1) Afade (Allison) mam bee abeille 10.2) Malgbe (Allison) mam honey miel 10.2.1) Malgbe (Allison) mam bee abeille 10.3) Mpade (Allison) màm honey miel 10.3.1) Mpade (Allison) màm bee abeille

11Proto-Kotoko Centre *imam honey miel 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) iman honey miel 11.1.1) Lagwan (Allison) iman bee abeille 11.2) Mser (Allison) mam honey miel 11.2.1) Mser (Allison) mam bee abeille

12Proto-Kotoko South *amama honey miel 12.1) Zina (Odden) ámámá honey miel

13Proto-Musgum *wamaj honey miel 13.1) Vulum (Tourneux) aamii abeille 13.2) Mbara (Tourneux) momoj bee abeille 13.2.1) Mbara (Tourneux) momoj honey miel 13.3) Muskum (Tourneux) amtu abeille

14Proto-Gidar *amɨma honey miel 14.1) Gidar (Schuh) aməma/a miel 14.2) Gidar (Hungerford) amama abeille
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ɣʷɨmɨɗ ʸ n. beard barbe (9 groups, 14 languages) B
The final *ɗ under palatalisation is realised as *j in almost all cases, which is a regular change. This has then been vocalised in Proto-Margi and Proto-Mandara. The palatalisation prosody is retained only in Gidar. *ɣʷ has a wide range of reflexes, as expected.

1Proto-Sukur *ɣɨmaj beard barbe 1.1) Sukur (David) ɣəmaj beard 1.2) Sukur (Thomas) ɣəmai beard:-is a hait that grown on the chin of a man;s mouth.

2Proto-Hurza *hɨmaj beard barbe 2.1) Mbuko (Gravina) həmaj beard barbe (f) (homme, bouc)

3Proto-Margi *kʷɨmi beard barbe 3.1) Bura (Blench) kùmí Beard 3.1.1) Bura (Blench) ʃíʃí kùmí Beard (on chin)

4Proto-Mandara *ɣʷɨmi beard barbe 4.1) Matal (Branger) agʷaj, agoj beard barbe 4.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) mume,-i barbe 4.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) uma barbe (f) 4.4) Malgwa (Löhr) kuuma, uuma beard

5Proto-Mofu *hɨmaj beard barbe 5.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) màmáj beard barbe 5.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) həma beard barbe

6Proto-Maroua *hɨmɨŋ ʷ beard barbe 6.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) hummuŋ barbe touffue

7Proto-Lamang *ɣʷɨmaj beard barbe 7.1) Hdi (Bramlett) ɣumaj chin, goatee le menton, la barbe

8Proto-Higi *ɣʷɨmiɗ beard barbe 8.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ɣuɓe beard 8.2) Kirya (Blench) ɣùmí beard

9Proto-Gidar *aᵑgama ʸ beard barbe 9.1) Gidar (Hungerford) eᵑgeme barbe 9.2) Gidar (Schuh) aᵑgeme barbe
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hɨmɨɗ ʸ nm. wind vent (14 groups, 37 languages) A cf: taɬ.
This root is attested across the Central Chadic languages. The basic meaning is 'wind', but is extended to cover the concept 'cold' in many languages. The initial *h is realised as *s in several groups. This does not correspond with any known regular change, but it may be due to spreading of a cognate form from another branch of Chadic. The root *kʷɨhɨm 'mouse' shows similar distribution of *s and *h. The initial /h/ in Buduma is probably the result of a regular change *s→h in that language, rather than a reflex of Proto-Central Chadic *h. The *h has been sporadically lost in many languages, and has resulted in compensatory reduplication in Cuvok and the two Mofu languages. *m is sporadically realised as *ᵐb in a few languages. There is evidence for the palatalisation prosody from almost all groups where it is expected. In Gidar the /j/ is the regular result of the palatalisation of *ɗ.

1Proto-Bata *miɗɨ wind vent 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) mə̀ɗá -ə air, wind 1.2) Jimi (Djibi) ᵐbiɗən Vent, souffle

2Proto-Daba *mɨɗ ʸ wind vent 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑɗ (be) cold (objects) (être) froid 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) miɗ wind (n) vent 2.2.1) Gavar (Viljoen) miɗ air air 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) maɗ (be) cold (objects) (être) froid 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) mīɗ le vent, le souffle, la vie

3Proto-Mafa *mamaɗ ʸ wind vent 3.1) Cuvok (Gravina) memeɗ wind vent 3.1.1) Cuvok (Gravina) memeɗ cold froid

4Proto-Sukur *mɨɗ ʸ wind vent 4.1) Sukur (David) míɗ wind 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) miɗ wind

5Proto-Hurza *hɨmaɗe wind vent 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) maɗ wind; cold vent, froid 5.2) Ndreme (Kinnaird) hùmàɗɛ̀ 5.3) Vame (Kinnaird) hə̀màɗè vent

6Proto-Margi *samaɗ ʸ wind vent 6.1) Bura (Blench) ʃaᵐbar Cold 6.1.1) Bura (Blench) ʃaᵐbar Wind 6.2) Margi (Hoffman) jamaɗə wind, cold 6.3) Margi South (Harley) jəᵐbaɗu wind

7Proto-Mofu *hɨmɨɗ ʸ wind vent 7.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) àmàɗ wind vent 7.2) Muyang (Smith) ɑməɗ air ; wind ; cold ; breath vent; froid 7.3) Mada (Nkoumou) amaɗ vent 7.4) Moloko (Friesen) həmaɗ wind, cold vent; froid 7.5) Zulgo (Haller) híᵐbíɗ vent m. 7.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) həᵐbeɗ le vent 7.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) həmeɗ wind vent 7.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) mèmə̀ɗ vent 7.8.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) mèmə̀ɗ froid 7.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) memeɗ vent, froid

8Proto-Maroua *hɨmɨɗ ʸ wind vent 8.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) himiɗ(i) vent, froid 8.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) himiɗ(i) se dégonfler 8.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) himeɗ wind vent 8.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) simeɗ vent 8.3.1) Mbazla (Tourneux) tʃimeɗ vent

9Proto-Kotoko Island *haᵐbaɗɨ wind vent 9.1) Buduma (McKone) həaᵐbaɗə; lieni cold weather temps froid 9.2) Buduma (McKone) hâᵐbaɗə le froid. 9.3) Buduma (McKone) hâᵐbəɗa froid.

10Proto-Kotoko North *samaɗe wind vent 10.1) Afade (Allison) semaɗe cold weather temps froid 10.2) Mpade (Allison) sɨ́máɗɨ̀ cold weather temps froid 10.3) Malgbe (Allison) tʃʼamare cold weather temps froid

11Proto-Kotoko Centre *sɨmaɗɨ wind vent 11.1) Lagwan (Allison) ʃima cold weather temps froid 11.1.1) Lagwan (Allison) sɨmaɗɨ; ɣʷava wind vent 11.2) Mser (Allison) sɨmaɗi cold weather temps froid

12Proto-Kotoko South *sɨmaɗe wind vent 12.1) Zina (Odden) asmaɗə; màgàwà wind vent 12.2) Mazera (Allison) sɨmɗe wind vent

13Proto-Musgum *sɨmaɗ ʸ wind vent 13.1) Vulum (Tourneux) sɨmer vent 13.1.1) Vulum (Tourneux) simer vent 13.2) Mbara (Tourneux) sumʼdaj cold 13.2.1) Mbara (Tourneux) sumʼdaj wind 13.3) Muskum (Tourneux) simet vent

14Proto-Gidar *sɨmja wind vent 14.1) Gidar (Hungerford) səmja vent, froid 14.2) Gidar (Schuh) səmja froid 14.3) Gidar (Schuh) səmja vent 14.4) Gidar (Hungerford) sɨmja froid
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mama nf. mother mère (14 groups, 39 languages) A syn: ja.
The root *mama or *ma is a common root for 'mother' cross-linguistically. In many Central Chadic languages there is also the variant *man. The expected change *m
→w in Mandara and Malgwa did not take place. The root *ja is found in the Kotoko languages.

1Proto-Bata *me mother mère 1.1) Tsuvan (Johnston) mekən la mère

2Proto-Daba *ma mother mère 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mɑn mother mère 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mɑmɑ mother mère 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) mama mother mère 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) māj ma mère

3Proto-Mafa *mama mother mère 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) mámá mère 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) mamaŋ mother maman 3.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ma mother mère

4Proto-Sukur *mama mother mère 4.1) Sukur (David) ma, mama mother 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) mama mother: a female parent of a child or animals. and is a person who is acting as a mother to a child.

5Proto-Hurza *mama mother mère 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) man mother mère (d'un animal) 5.1.1) Mbuko (Gravina) mamaj mother mère 5.1.2) Mbuko (Gravina) maj mother mère 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) māmá mother mère

6Proto-Margi *ma mother mère 6.1) Bura (Blench) muma Mother 6.1.1) Bura (Blench) maja Mother 6.2) Margi South (Harley) ama mother 6.3) Kilba (Schuh) ama mother

7Proto-Mandara *ma mother mère 7.1) Podoko (Swackhammer) mamá,-a mère 7.2) Mandara (Fluckiger) mama mère (f) 7.2.1) Mandara (Fluckiger) emma mère (f) 7.3) Malgwa (Löhr) mama mother 7.3.1) Malgwa (Löhr) əmma mother 7.3.2) Malgwa (Löhr) uuma mother, female 7.3.3) Malgwa (Löhr) ma mother

8Proto-Mofu *ma mother mère 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) māŋ mother mère 8.2) Muyang (Smith) mmɑ mother (form of address) 8.3) Mada (Nkoumou) amma mère 8.4) Moloko (Friesen) mama mother mère 8.5) Zulgo (Haller) mə́mə́r mère f. 8.5.1) Zulgo (Haller) màmá (gà) mère f. 8.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) mamər mother mère 8.6.1) Gemzek (Sabatai) məmar mother mère 8.7) Merey (Gravina) maja mère 8.7.1) Merey (Gravina) maj mère 8.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) mama mother mère 8.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) màjá mère 8.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) mamaŋ mother (sa, la) mère

9Proto-Maroua *ma mother mère 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) maha maman, mère 9.1.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) mumuŋ mère 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) uma mother mère 9.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) ma mère

10Proto-Lamang *mama mother mère 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) mamaa mother 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) mama mother la mère

11Proto-Higi *ma mother mère 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ma mother 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) mama mother 11.3) Kirya (Blench) màjì (mà) mother, grandmother 11.4) Psikye (Angelo) ma mother 11.4.1) Psikye (Angelo) miji mother

12Proto-Kotoko Island *man mother mère 12.1) Buduma (McKone) man mère.

13Proto-Musgum *maa mother mère 13.1) Vulum (Tourneux) amaa ma mère 13.2) Muskum (Tourneux) maana ma mère

14Proto-Gidar *ma mother mère 14.1) Gidar (Schuh) ma mère 14.2) Gidar (Hungerford) əəma, ma mère, maman 14.3) Gidar (Schuh) mma mère
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mits v. to extinguish éteindre (8 groups, 14 languages) B rel. to: mɨts.
The basic meaning of this verb is 'to put out a fire'. This root is very similar to the root for 'to die', the only difference is that *i is reconstructed. It could possibly be a causative form, i.e. 'to cause (a fire) to die'. There is a regular word-final change *ts→t in several groups.

1Proto-Bata *miitɨ extinguish éteindre 1.1) Jimi (Djibi) miitən Eteindre ;

2Proto-Daba *muts, mitsiʔn extinguish éteindre 2.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) kəmutʃkahaw quench, extinguish éteindre 2.2) Daba (Lienhard) mìtʃīʼn éteindre

3Proto-Mafa *mɨtsa extinguish éteindre 3.1) Cuvok (Gravina) mətsa quench, extinguish éteindre

4Proto-Hurza *muⁿdzɨja extinguish éteindre 4.1) Vame (Kinnaird) mūⁿdʒíjā extinguish ; put out éteindre

5Proto-Mandara *mɨtsɨ extinguish éteindre 5.1) Matal (Branger) mamatsiŋ ala, mamatʃiŋ ala extinguish éteindre 5.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) metʃe éteindre 5.3) Glavda (Nghagyiva) ɨ́mt͡sá káːɾa quench, extinguish

6Proto-Mofu *mat ʸ extinguish éteindre 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) mētéŋ éteindre 6.2) Muyang (Smith) met cause to die, extinguish éteindre 6.2.1) Muyang (Smith) metiŋ cause to die, extinguish faire mourir, éteindre 6.3) Mofu North (Barreteau) mémtsèj etindre (feu)

7Proto-Maroua *muts extinguish éteindre 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) mutʃ éteindre le feu, fais mourir le feu 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) mutʃa quench, extinguish éteindre

8Proto-Lamang *mɨtaj extinguish éteindre 8.1) Hdi (Bramlett) mətaj to extinguish a fire éteindre un feu
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