Search results for "sɨn"

hʷɨtsɨn ʸ nm. nose nez (15 groups, 52 languages) A
This is one of the most widely attested Central Chadic roots, and is absent from the data only in the Tera, Musgum and Gidar groups. The initial *hʷ is retained in several groups. In the Giziga languages the labialisation component has become the labialisation prosody, and in several other groups the labialisation component has been dropped. The *hʷ has been lost completely in a number of languages, and this has led to compensatory prefixation in Proto-Daba. These are all common sporadic processes. The *ts has the reflex *t in Proto-Mandara, Proto-Mofu and Proto-Maroua. However we would expect the reflex *t in Proto-Bata and Proto-Lamang, but not in the proto-languages where it is found in the data. *ts has the regular reflex *s in Proto-Kotoko Centre and Proto-Sukur. The final *n has become *r in the languages of the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group as part of a regular change. The palatalisation prosody is present in all groups where it is expected, except for the Mafa group.

1Proto-Bata *tsɨnɨ ʸ nose nez 1.1) Bata (Boyd) ʃìne nose 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) ʃìná -ə nose 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) ʃənən Nez 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) tʃinə nez 1.5) Tsuvan (Johnston) mətʃine le nez

2Proto-Daba *mɨtsɨn ʸ nose nez 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mtʃɑr nose nez 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mtsər nose nez 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ntʃur nose nez 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) mìtʃīʼn le nez

3Proto-Mafa *hɨtsan nose nez 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) hə́tsán nez 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) hətaŋ nose nez

4Proto-Sukur *sɨn ʸ nose nez 4.1) Sukur (David) ʃin nose 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ʃin nose

5Proto-Hurza *hʷɨtsan ʸ nose nez 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) tʃœn nose nez 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hə̄tʃéŋ nose nez

6Proto-Margi *hʷɨtsɨr ʸ nose nez 6.1) Margi (Hoffman) mtʃir nose 6.2) Margi South (Hoffman) tʃir nose 6.3) Kilba (Hoffman) tʃir nose 6.3.1) Kilba (Schuh) tʃir nose 6.4) Bura (Blench) kutʃir Nose

7Proto-Mandara *hɨtɨrɨ ʸ nose nez 7.1) Matal (Branger) tɪ᷆r nose nez 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) fətəra,-ə nez 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ektare nez 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) əktare nose 7.5) Glavda (Owens) xə́tə́ nose 7.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xᵊtɾa nose 7.6) Dghwede (Frick) xtire nose

8Proto-Mofu *hʷɨtɨr ʸ nose nez 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) hūⁿdār nose nez 8.2) Muyang (Smith) hiⁿdir nose nez 8.3) Mada (Nkoumou) hⁿdoer nez 8.4) Moloko (Friesen) həⁿder nez 8.5) Zulgo (Haller) hìtír nez m. 8.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) həter nose nez 8.7) Merey (Gravina) həter nose nez 8.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) məter nose nez 8.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) hàtàr nez 8.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) heter nose nez ; trompe (de l'éléphant)

9Proto-Maroua *hɨtɨn ʷ, kɨtɨŋ ʸ nose nez 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) hutuŋ nez 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) huton nose nez 9.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) kitiŋ nez 9.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) kítīŋ nose nez

10Proto-Lamang *hɨtsiŋ nose nez 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) xtsínì nose 10.1.1) Lamang (Wolff) htsiŋ nose 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) hətsiŋ nose le nez

11Proto-Higi *hɨtsʲɨn nose nez 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ntʃhi nose 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ntʃi nose 11.3) Kirya (Blench) nʃín nose 11.4) Bana (Lienhard) kʃə́n nez

12Proto-Kotoko Island *tsɨnaj nose nez 12.1) Buduma (McKone) tʃənaj nose nez

13Proto-Kotoko North *tsɨhɨn nose nez 13.1) Afade (Allison) tsɨn nose nez 13.2) Mpade (Allison) hásan nose nez 13.3) Maltam (Allison) sɨn nose nez 13.4) Malgbe (Allison) skɨn nose nez 13.4.1) Malgbe (Allison) skare nose nez

14Proto-Kotoko Centre *hɨsɨni nose nez 14.1) Lagwan (Allison) xsɨni nose nez 14.2) Mser (Allison) asɨn nose nez

15Proto-Kotoko South *hɨtsɨne nose nez 15.1) Zina (Odden) hískíní nose nez 15.2) Mazera (Allison) hɨtʃɨne nose nez
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ɬɨn v. send envoyer (12 groups, 24 languages) A
The basic sense is to send someone to do something. The initial *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the languages of the South sub-branch, along with other regular reflexes in individual languages and groups. The *n has the regular reflex *r in the Mandara and Mofu groups. However, the final /n/ in Bura is expected to be /r/, and in Cuvok /n/ is expected where /r/ is found. The /l/ in Matal is the result of a subsequent regular change *r→l. In Lagwan and Mser there may be two similar roots *ɬɨn and *ɬʼɨm. The second of these, which is also given for Mpade, may not be cognate. The Bura word contains the vowel /e/, which is not part of the core phonemic inventory.

1Proto-Daba *ɮɨn send envoyer 1.1) Gavar (Viljoen) ɮən send envoyer 1.2) Daba (Lienhard) ɮə̄n envoyer

2Proto-Mafa *ɮɨn send envoyer 2.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ɮiᵑgd envoyer 2.2) Cuvok (Gravina) ɮəra send (something to someone) envoyer (qqch à qqun) 2.2.1) Cuvok (Gravina) ɮar ⁿda send (someone to do something) envoyer en commission

3Proto-Hurza *ɬɨn send envoyer 3.1) Mbuko (Gravina) ɬan send envoyer 3.2) Vame (Kinnaird) ɬə́nā send envoyer

4Proto-Margi *ɬen send envoyer 4.1) Bura (Blench) ɬenta To send (BR) Preferably hlenta 4.1.1) Bura (Blench) hjenta To send; to cause to go

5Proto-Mandara *ɬɨr send envoyer 5.1) Matal (Branger) màɬə̀lāj send envoyer

6Proto-Mofu *ɬɨr send envoyer 6.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) ɬə̄r send envoyer 6.2) Mada (Nkoumou) maɬla envoyer en mission 6.3) Moloko (Friesen) ɬar send envoyer 6.4) Zulgo (Haller) ɬə́r envoyer, déléguer 6.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) meɬəre send (something to someone) envoyer (qqch à qqun) 6.6) Merey (Gravina) ɬər send envoyer 6.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) məɬərej send (someone to do something) envoyer en commission 6.8) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) ɬər envoyer qqn, charger d'une commission, commissionner, rendre service

7Proto-Maroua *ɬɨn send envoyer 7.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) ɬin envoyer 7.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) ɬəŋne send (someone to do something) envoyer en commission

8Proto-Kotoko North *tsʼam send envoyer 8.1) Mpade (Allison) tʃʼàm send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission

9Proto-Kotoko Centre *ɬɨn send envoyer 9.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɬɨ (ni) send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission 9.1.1) Lagwan (Allison) ɬʼɨmwun; ɬʼɨm send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission 9.2) Mser (Allison) sɨn (bɨlam) send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission 9.2.1) Mser (Allison) sʼam (ni) send (sth. to s.o.) envoyer (qqch à qqn)

10Proto-Kotoko South *sɨne send envoyer 10.1) Mazera (Allison) sɨne send (sth. to s.o.) envoyer (qqch à qqn) 10.1.1) Mazera (Allison) sɨne send (s.o. to do sth.) envoyer en commission

11Proto-Musgum *ɬɨnɨ ʸ send envoyer 11.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) ɬini envoyer

12Proto-Gidar *ɬɨna send envoyer 12.1) Gidar (Hungerford) wəɬəna envoyer
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sɨhʷani ʸ n. dream rêve (15 groups, 37 languages) B
The *s has the reflex *z in West Tera as part of a regular change. The change *n→r in Proto-Kotoko North and Mser is a common sporadic change. *hʷ is realised as /hʷ/ only in Podoko. The reflex is *w in several groups, and the consonant has been completely lost in other groups. This is a common sporadic process. In Proto-Margi it has the irregular reflex *ʔʷ. The palatalisation prosody is easily reconstructed, with evidence from all groups. *i can also be reconstructed based on the evidence from the Bata, Margi, Mandara and Lamang groups.

1Proto-Bata *sɨni ʸ dream rêve 1.1) Bata (Boyd) ʃìrí dream 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) sənii dream 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) sinin Rêver ; 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) ʃinəʼə songe, rêve

2Proto-Daba *sɨnɨ ʸ dream rêve 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) seŋseŋ dream (n) rêve 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) ʃiŋʃiŋ dream (n) rêve 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) səsin dream (n) rêve 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) sìní rêver, le rêve

3Proto-Mafa *sɨwɨna ʸ dream rêve 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) ńʃuwine rêve 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) suwana dream (n) rêve

4Proto-Tera *zine dream rêve 4.1) Tera (Newman) ʒine dream 4.2) Nyimatli (Harley) ʒine dream (n)

5Proto-Hurza *sɨwna ʸ dream rêve 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) sune dream rêve

6Proto-Margi *sɨʔʷɨni ʸ dream rêve 6.1) Bura (Blench) suni Dream 6.2) Kilba (Schuh) ʃiʼuni dream

7Proto-Mandara *sɨhʷani ʸ dream rêve 7.1) Matal (Branger) masasiŋaj, maʃasiŋaj, maʃaʃiŋaj masasiŋaj // masesiŋaj // maʃaʃiŋaj dream rêver 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) səhʷana,-i rêve 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ʃene rêve (m) 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) ʃine dream 7.5) Glavda (Nghagyiva) sɨ́ᵑga dream (n)

8Proto-Mofu *sɨwna ʸ dream rêve 8.1) Zulgo (Haller) súná songe m., rêve m. 8.2) Gemzek (Sabatai) sʉne dream (n) rêve 8.3) Merey (Gravina) məsune dream (n) rêve 8.4) Dugwor (Jubumna) məsne dream (n) rêve 8.5) Mofu North (Barreteau) mesə́néj rêve

9Proto-Maroua *mɨsɨn ʸ dream rêve 9.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) məsin dream (n) rêve

10Proto-Lamang *sɨwani dream rêve 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) suwaŋa dream 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) suni dream le rêve

11Proto-Higi *sʲɨwɨn dream rêve 11.1) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) səwo dream 11.2) Kirya (Blench) ʃín dream, vision 11.2.1) Kirya (Blench) ʃìwù to dream 11.3) Bana (Lienhard) ʃǐw songer, rêver

12Proto-Kotoko North *saware dream rêve 12.1) Mpade (Allison) sware dream (n) rêve 12.2) Malgbe (Allison) jaware dream (n) rêve

13Proto-Kotoko Centre *sɨwane dream rêve 13.1) Lagwan (Allison) swane dream (n) rêve 13.2) Mser (Allison) sware dream (n) rêve

14Proto-Musgum *hɨjnɨ ʸ dream rêve 14.1) Mulwi (Tourneux) hiini être songeur

15Proto-Gidar *ɨssɨna ʸ dream rêve 15.1) Gidar (Hungerford) issine songe, rêve 15.2) Gidar (Schuh) issine/e rêve
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sɨn v. to know savoir (17 groups, 41 languages) A
This is an extremely well-attested root, and is found in all groups except for the Musgum group.*s has the regular reflexes *z in the West Tera subgroup and *h in Kotoko Island. There was a regular word-final change *n→r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group, though here Proto-Margi has retained *n. *n has been lost in Sukur, which is an irregular process.

1Proto-Bata *sɨna know savoir 1.1) Gude (Hoskinson) ʃii know 1.2) Sharwa (Gravina) sɨnan Connaître 1.3) Tsuvan (Johnston) a sənakən reconnaître, savoir

2Proto-Daba *sɨn know savoir 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) sɑn know connaître, savoir 2.1.1) Buwal (Viljoen) sɑn remember se souvenir 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) sən know (something or someone) connaître, savoir 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) səŋ know (something or someone) connaître, savoir 2.3.1) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) səŋ know how to savoir (être capable de) 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) sə̄n savoir, connaître

3Proto-Mafa *sɨna know savoir 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) sə́n connaître 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) səna know (something or someone) connaître, savoir

4Proto-Tera *zɨni know savoir 4.1) Tera (Newman) zəni know (connaitre)

5Proto-Sukur *sɨ know savoir 5.1) Sukur (David) know, understand, to 5.2) Sukur (Thomas) know; to have information in your mind as a result of experience or because you learned or been told it.

6Proto-Hurza *sɨna know savoir 6.1) Mbuko (Gravina) san understand connaitre 6.2) Vame (Kinnaird) sə́nā 1 know ; be acquainted with connaître 6.2.1) Vame (Kinnaird) sə́nā 2 know savoir

7Proto-Margi *sin know savoir 7.1) Margi South (Harley) sini know 7.2) Kilba (Schuh) zəⁿdi/ə know 7.3) Bura (Blench) siⁿda To know

8Proto-Mandara *sɨr know savoir 8.1) Matal (Branger) masəlaj know savoir 8.2) Glavda (Nghagyiva) sɨ́rga know (something or someone)

9Proto-Mofu *sɨr know savoir 9.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) sə̄r know savoir; savoir ou connaître 9.2) Muyang (Smith) sər get to know, know être en train de connaître, savoir 9.3) Mada (Nkoumou) masəla connaître, savoir 9.3.1) Mada (Nkoumou) masəla savoir (être capable de) 9.4) Moloko (Friesen) sar know savoir 9.5) Gemzek (Sabatai) mesəre know (something or someone) connaître, savoir 9.6) Merey (Gravina) sər connaître 9.7) Dugwor (Jubumna) məsərej know (something or someone) connaître, savoir 9.8) Mofu North (Barreteau) mésə́réj savoir 9.8.1) Mofu North (Barreteau) mésə́réj conna"itre 9.8.2) Mofu North (Barreteau) mésə́réj reconna"itre 9.9) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) sər savoir, connaître, reconnaître

10Proto-Maroua *sɨn know savoir 10.1) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) sən gʷaf know (something or someone) connaître, savoir 10.2) Mbazla (Tourneux) ʃiŋ savoir

11Proto-Lamang *sɨna know savoir 11.1) Lamang (Wolff) sənaa know

12Proto-Higi *sɨna know savoir 12.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) sə̀nàtá Know 12.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) sinəgə know (something or someone) 12.3) Bana (Lienhard) sə́ná savoir, connaître

13Proto-Kotoko Island *hɨn know savoir 13.1) Buduma (McKone) hən know (sth. or s.o.) connaître, savoir 13.2) Buduma (McKone) hən savoir, connaître.

14Proto-Kotoko North *sɨn, surun know savoir 14.1) Afade (Allison) surun know (sth. or s.o.) connaître, savoir 14.2) Mpade (Allison) sɨ́n know (sth. or s.o.) connaître, savoir

15Proto-Kotoko Centre *sɨn know savoir 15.1) Lagwan (Allison) sɨnwun (sɨn) know (sth. or s.o.) connaître, savoir 15.2) Mser (Allison) sɨn know (sth. or s.o.) connaître, savoir

16Proto-Kotoko South *sɨŋ know savoir 16.1) Zina (Odden) sə̀ (hà) know (sth. or s.o.) connaître, savoir 16.2) Mazera (Allison) sɨᵑga know (sth. or s.o.) connaître, savoir

17Proto-Gidar *ɨsɨna know savoir 17.1) Gidar (Hungerford) əsɨna savoir, connaître 17.2) Gidar (Schuh) əsəna savoir
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