hʷɨtsɨn ʸ nm. nose nez (15 groups, 52 languages) A
This is one of the most widely attested Central Chadic roots, and is absent from the data only in the Tera, Musgum and Gidar groups. The initial *hʷ is retained in several groups. In the Giziga languages the labialisation component has become the labialisation prosody, and in several other groups the labialisation component has been dropped. The *hʷ has been lost completely in a number of languages, and this has led to compensatory prefixation in Proto-Daba. These are all common sporadic processes. The *ts has the reflex *t in Proto-Mandara, Proto-Mofu and Proto-Maroua. However we would expect the reflex *t in Proto-Bata and Proto-Lamang, but not in the proto-languages where it is found in the data. *ts has the regular reflex *s in Proto-Kotoko Centre and Proto-Sukur. The final *n has become *r in the languages of the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group as part of a regular change. The palatalisation prosody is present in all groups where it is expected, except for the Mafa group.
1Proto-Bata *tsɨnɨ ʸ nose nez 1.1) Bata (Boyd) ʃìne nose 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) ʃìná -ə nose 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) ʃənən Nez 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) tʃinə nez 1.5) Tsuvan (Johnston) mətʃine le nez
2Proto-Daba *mɨtsɨn ʸ nose nez 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mtʃɑr nose nez 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mtsər nose nez 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ntʃur nose nez 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) mìtʃīʼn le nez
3Proto-Mafa *hɨtsan nose nez 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) hə́tsán nez 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) hətaŋ nose nez
4Proto-Sukur *sɨn ʸ nose nez 4.1) Sukur (David) ʃin nose 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ʃin nose
5Proto-Hurza *hʷɨtsan ʸ nose nez 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) tʃœn nose nez 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hə̄tʃéŋ nose nez
6Proto-Margi *hʷɨtsɨr ʸ nose nez 6.1) Margi (Hoffman) mtʃir nose 6.2) Margi South (Hoffman) tʃir nose 6.3) Kilba (Hoffman) tʃir nose 6.3.1) Kilba (Schuh) tʃir nose 6.4) Bura (Blench) kutʃir Nose
7Proto-Mandara *hɨtɨrɨ ʸ nose nez 7.1) Matal (Branger) tɪ᷆r nose nez 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) fətəra,-ə nez 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ektare nez 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) əktare nose 7.5) Glavda (Owens) xə́tə́ nose 7.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xᵊtɾa nose 7.6) Dghwede (Frick) xtire nose
8Proto-Mofu *hʷɨtɨr ʸ nose nez 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) hūⁿdār nose nez 8.2) Muyang (Smith) hiⁿdir nose nez 8.3) Mada (Nkoumou) hⁿdoer nez 8.4) Moloko (Friesen) həⁿder nez 8.5) Zulgo (Haller) hìtír nez m. 8.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) həter nose nez 8.7) Merey (Gravina) həter nose nez 8.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) məter nose nez 8.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) hàtàr nez 8.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) heter nose nez ; trompe (de l'éléphant)
9Proto-Maroua *hɨtɨn ʷ, kɨtɨŋ ʸ nose nez 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) hutuŋ nez 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) huton nose nez 9.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) kitiŋ nez 9.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) kítīŋ nose nez
10Proto-Lamang *hɨtsiŋ nose nez 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) xtsínì nose 10.1.1) Lamang (Wolff) htsiŋ nose 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) hətsiŋ nose le nez
11Proto-Higi *hɨtsʲɨn nose nez 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ntʃhi nose 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ntʃi nose 11.3) Kirya (Blench) nʃín nose 11.4) Bana (Lienhard) kʃə́n nez
12Proto-Kotoko Island *tsɨnaj nose nez 12.1) Buduma (McKone) tʃənaj nose nez
13Proto-Kotoko North *tsɨhɨn nose nez 13.1) Afade (Allison) tsɨn nose nez 13.2) Mpade (Allison) hásan nose nez 13.3) Maltam (Allison) sɨn nose nez 13.4) Malgbe (Allison) skɨn nose nez 13.4.1) Malgbe (Allison) skare nose nez
14Proto-Kotoko Centre *hɨsɨni nose nez 14.1) Lagwan (Allison) xsɨni nose nez 14.2) Mser (Allison) asɨn nose nez
15Proto-Kotoko South *hɨtsɨne nose nez 15.1) Zina (Odden) hískíní nose nez 15.2) Mazera (Allison) hɨtʃɨne nose nez
This is one of the most widely attested Central Chadic roots, and is absent from the data only in the Tera, Musgum and Gidar groups. The initial *hʷ is retained in several groups. In the Giziga languages the labialisation component has become the labialisation prosody, and in several other groups the labialisation component has been dropped. The *hʷ has been lost completely in a number of languages, and this has led to compensatory prefixation in Proto-Daba. These are all common sporadic processes. The *ts has the reflex *t in Proto-Mandara, Proto-Mofu and Proto-Maroua. However we would expect the reflex *t in Proto-Bata and Proto-Lamang, but not in the proto-languages where it is found in the data. *ts has the regular reflex *s in Proto-Kotoko Centre and Proto-Sukur. The final *n has become *r in the languages of the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group as part of a regular change. The palatalisation prosody is present in all groups where it is expected, except for the Mafa group.
1Proto-Bata *tsɨnɨ ʸ nose nez 1.1) Bata (Boyd) ʃìne nose 1.2) Gude (Hoskinson) ʃìná -ə nose 1.3) Jimi (Djibi) ʃənən Nez 1.4) Sharwa (Gravina) tʃinə nez 1.5) Tsuvan (Johnston) mətʃine le nez
2Proto-Daba *mɨtsɨn ʸ nose nez 2.1) Buwal (Viljoen) mtʃɑr nose nez 2.2) Gavar (Viljoen) mtsər nose nez 2.3) Mbudum (Ndokobaï) ntʃur nose nez 2.4) Daba (Lienhard) mìtʃīʼn le nez
3Proto-Mafa *hɨtsan nose nez 3.1) Mafa (Barreteau) hə́tsán nez 3.2) Cuvok (Gravina) hətaŋ nose nez
4Proto-Sukur *sɨn ʸ nose nez 4.1) Sukur (David) ʃin nose 4.2) Sukur (Thomas) ʃin nose
5Proto-Hurza *hʷɨtsan ʸ nose nez 5.1) Mbuko (Gravina) tʃœn nose nez 5.2) Vame (Kinnaird) hə̄tʃéŋ nose nez
6Proto-Margi *hʷɨtsɨr ʸ nose nez 6.1) Margi (Hoffman) mtʃir nose 6.2) Margi South (Hoffman) tʃir nose 6.3) Kilba (Hoffman) tʃir nose 6.3.1) Kilba (Schuh) tʃir nose 6.4) Bura (Blench) kutʃir Nose
7Proto-Mandara *hɨtɨrɨ ʸ nose nez 7.1) Matal (Branger) tɪ᷆r nose nez 7.2) Podoko (Swackhammer) fətəra,-ə nez 7.3) Mandara (Fluckiger) ektare nez 7.4) Malgwa (Löhr) əktare nose 7.5) Glavda (Owens) xə́tə́ nose 7.5.1) Glavda (Nghagyiva) xᵊtɾa nose 7.6) Dghwede (Frick) xtire nose
8Proto-Mofu *hʷɨtɨr ʸ nose nez 8.1) Ouldeme (Kinnaird) hūⁿdār nose nez 8.2) Muyang (Smith) hiⁿdir nose nez 8.3) Mada (Nkoumou) hⁿdoer nez 8.4) Moloko (Friesen) həⁿder nez 8.5) Zulgo (Haller) hìtír nez m. 8.6) Gemzek (Sabatai) həter nose nez 8.7) Merey (Gravina) həter nose nez 8.8) Dugwor (Jubumna) məter nose nez 8.9) Mofu North (Barreteau) hàtàr nez 8.10) Mofu-Gudur (Hollingsworth) heter nose nez ; trompe (de l'éléphant)
9Proto-Maroua *hɨtɨn ʷ, kɨtɨŋ ʸ nose nez 9.1) Giziga Moutourwa (Michielan) hutuŋ nez 9.2) Giziga Marva (Hamidou) huton nose nez 9.3) Mbazla (Tourneux) kitiŋ nez 9.3.1) Mbazla (SILSurvey) kítīŋ nose nez
10Proto-Lamang *hɨtsiŋ nose nez 10.1) Lamang (Wolff) xtsínì nose 10.1.1) Lamang (Wolff) htsiŋ nose 10.2) Hdi (Bramlett) hətsiŋ nose le nez
11Proto-Higi *hɨtsʲɨn nose nez 11.1) Kamwe-Nkafa (Harley) ntʃhi nose 11.2) Kamwe-Futu (Harley) ntʃi nose 11.3) Kirya (Blench) nʃín nose 11.4) Bana (Lienhard) kʃə́n nez
12Proto-Kotoko Island *tsɨnaj nose nez 12.1) Buduma (McKone) tʃənaj nose nez
13Proto-Kotoko North *tsɨhɨn nose nez 13.1) Afade (Allison) tsɨn nose nez 13.2) Mpade (Allison) hásan nose nez 13.3) Maltam (Allison) sɨn nose nez 13.4) Malgbe (Allison) skɨn nose nez 13.4.1) Malgbe (Allison) skare nose nez
14Proto-Kotoko Centre *hɨsɨni nose nez 14.1) Lagwan (Allison) xsɨni nose nez 14.2) Mser (Allison) asɨn nose nez
15Proto-Kotoko South *hɨtsɨne nose nez 15.1) Zina (Odden) hískíní nose nez 15.2) Mazera (Allison) hɨtʃɨne nose nez