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ɬ


ɬa2v.cutcouper1334A
This is a very well attested Central Chadic root. The *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch. Within the Bata group, there has been a subsequent regular change *ɮ→l in most languages. *ɬ also has the regular reflex *s in several Kotoko languages. The ejective that is present in Proto-Kotoko North and Proto-Kotoko Centre may indicate that the root originally contained a glottal consonant such as *ɗ, which fused with the reflex of *ɬ, but without any supporting evidence this cannot be included in the reconstruction.1Proto-Bata*ɮacutcouper1.1GudeHoskinsonlacut1.2JimiDjibilan1 - Trouver, couper avec un couteau ou une hache ;1.3SharwaGravinala(se) couper1.4TsuvanJohnstona ɮakəncouper en morceau?2Proto-Daba*ɮacutcouper2.1BuwalViljoenɮɑcutcouper2.2GavarViljoenɮɑcut with a blade (tr)couper avec une lame1GavarViljoenɮɑsaw (wood)scier2.3MbudumNdokobaïɮucut (tr)couper1MbudumNdokobaïkəɮabutcher, cut up (meat) (v)abattre, découper (viande)2.4DabaLienhardɮàcouper3Proto-Tera*ɮacutcouper3.1TeraNewmanɮacut (e.g. w/ knife)4Proto-Sukur*ɮɨcutcouper4.1SukurDavidɮəcut, to5Proto-Hurza*ɬacutcouper5.1MbukoGravinaɬato cut (eg grass)couper (eg herbe)5.2VameKinnairdɬáwācutcouper6Proto-Margi*ɬacutcouper6.1BuraBlenchɬaTo cut up in pieces6.2MargiHoffmanɬəto cut (with axe)6.3KilbaSchuhɬa/acut1KilbaSchuhɬa/aslaughter2KilbaSchuhɬaucut7Proto-Mandara*ɬacutcouper7.1PodokoSwackhammerɬacouper8Proto-Mofu*ɬcutcouper8.1OuldemeKinnairdɬìcutcouper8.2MuyangSmithɬɑjcut with a sicklecouper (avec la faucille), couper en enlevant, couper l’obscurité8.3ZulgoHallerɮecouper, faire une incision8.4DugworJubumnamaɬajcut (tr)couper8.5Mofu NorthBarreteauméɬējcouper, circoncire1Mofu NorthBarreteauméɬējappara"itre pour la lune, commencer (mois)2Mofu NorthBarreteauméɬējravir, épouser (femme)8.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬ ́couper; circoncire1Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬ ́apparaître (la lune), commencer (le mois)9Proto-Maroua*ɬicutcouper9.1MbazlaTourneuxɬicouper10Proto-Higi*ɬacutcouper10.1Kamwe-FutuHarleyɬacut open (papaya)10.2KiryaBlenchɬácut, trim, sneeze, smell10.3PsikyeAngeloɬácut10.4BanaLienhardɬácouper, tailler, trancher11Proto-Kotoko North*ɬʼacutcouper11.1AfadeAllisonsʼa; sʼelchop into piecesfendre, couper en morceaux11.2MpadeAllisonsʼà hòcut openfendre, ouvrir avec un couteau1MpadeAllisonnsʼáchop into piecesfendre, couper en morceaux11.3MalgbeAllisonɬawuncut openfendre, ouvrir avec un couteau1MalgbeAllisonsʼɨnjawunchop into piecesfendre, couper en morceaux12Proto-Kotoko Centre*sʼacutcouper12.1LagwanAllisonsʼawunchop into piecesfendre, couper en morceaux12.2MserAllisonsʼiacut openfendre, ouvrir avec un couteau1MserAllisonsʼia has haschop into piecesfendre, couper en morceaux13Proto-Musgum*ɬicutcouper13.1MulwiTourneuxɬicouper13.2MbaraTourneuxɬiicutcouper
ɬa1nf.cowbœuf1854
This is the best attested root in Central Chadic, occuring in all eighteen groups. *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, with the further regular reflex *l within part of the Bata group. *ɬ also has the regular reflexes *h in Buduma, *s in Proto-Kotoko South and some of the other Kotoko languages, and *ʃ in Mpade.1Proto-Bata*ɮacowvache1.1GudeHoskinsonlàcow1.2JimiDjibilan2 - Bœuf1.3SharwaGravinalaBœuf ,bœufs1SharwaGravinalavache1.4TsuvanJohnstonɮale bœuf1TsuvanJohnstonɮakənla vache2Proto-Daba*ɮacowvache2.1BuwalViljoenɮɑox (general term), bovinebœuf2.2GavarViljoenɮɑox (general term), bovinebœuf2.3MbudumNdokobaïɮaoxbœuf2.4MazagwayHidiNoussiɮaboeuf2.5DabaLienhardɮàla vache, le bétail3Proto-Mafa*ɮacowvache3.1MafaNdokobaiɮecowboeuf3.2CuvokGravinaɮaoxbœuf4Proto-Tera*ɮacowvache4.1TeraNewmanɮacow4.2NyimatliHarleyɮecow1NyimatliHarleyɮacow (female)5Proto-Sukur*ɮɨcowvache5.1SukurDavidɮəcow, general term for cattle5.2SukurThomasɮəŋamy cow; not belong to some one6Proto-Hurza*ɬacowvache6.1MbukoGravinaɬacowboeuf, vache6.2VameKinnairdāɬāoxboeuf7Proto-Margi*ɬacowvache7.1MargiHoffmanɬacow7.2Margi SouthHarleythlacow7.3KilbaSchuhɬacow7.4BuraBlenchɬa, ɬiCow8Proto-Mandara*ɨɬacowvache8.1MatalBrangerɬacowboeuf8.2PodokoSwackhammerɬa,-avache, boeuf8.3MandaraFluckigeréɬáboeuf (m)8.4MalgwaLöhrəthlacattle, cow8.5GlavdaNghagyiva ɬacow (female)9Proto-Mofu*ɬacowvache9.1OuldemeKinnairdɬàoxboeuf9.2MolokoFriesenɬacowvache; boeuf9.3ZulgoHallerɬavache f.9.4GemzekSabataiɬaoxbœuf9.5MereyGravinaɬaoxbœuf9.6DugworJubumnamamij ɬacowvache9.7Mofu NorthBarreteauɬābovin, vache, boeuf.9.8Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬacowbovin, vache10Proto-Maroua*ɬacowvache10.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬavache10.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬaoxbœuf1Giziga MarvaHamidouɬacowvache10.3MbazlaTourneuxɬavache11Proto-Lamang*ɬacowvache11.1LamangWolffɬácow11.2HdiBramlettɬacowla vache varieté zébu12Proto-Higi*ɬacowvache12.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleyɬácow1Kamwe-NkafaHarleythlacow12.2KiryaBlenchɬácow12.3PsikyeAngeloɬacow12.4BanaLienhardɬávache13Proto-Kotoko Island*hacowvache13.1BudumaMcKonehacowvache14Proto-Kotoko North*ɬacowvache14.1AfadeAllisonɬa; ɬa l gɨrɨmcowvache14.2MpadeAllisonʃácowvache14.3MalgbeAllisonɬacowvache15Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬacowvache15.1LagwanAllisonnɬacowvache15.2MserAllisonsaoxbœuf16Proto-Kotoko South*sacowvache16.1ZinaOddenàsàcowvache16.2MazeraAllisonkɨsacowvache17Proto-Musgum*ɬajcowvache17.1VulumTourneuxɬajvache17.2MulwiTourneuxɬeboeuf17.3MbaraTourneuxwurɮajcow18Proto-Gidar*waɬɨjacowvache18.1GidarHungerfordwaɬijavache, boeuf18.2GidarSchuhwaɬija/0vache
ɬaᵐbahn.leaffeuille617D
This root is attested in some languages in the Mandara Mountains area. There is a fair degree of variation in the forms, and some parts of the reconstruction are provisional. Not all of the forms cited are necessarily cognate. It is possibly related to the root *ɬɨmɨɗ 'ear'.1Proto-Daba*gʷaɬakleaffeuille1.1BuwalViljoengʷɑɬɑkʷwide leaf used for wrapping thingsfeuille large qui sert à l'embalage1.2GavarViljoengʷɑɬɑkleaffeuille2Proto-Mafa*ɮaᵐbaj, gamɬakleaffeuille2.1MafaBarreteauɮaᵐbajfeuille de mil2.2CuvokGravinagamɬakleaffeuille3Proto-Mandara*ɬɨbahɨleaffeuille3.1MatalBrangerbabaɬ ahafleaffeuille3.2PodokoSwackhammerɮə́baha,-əfeuille3.3MandaraFluckigerɬapafeuille (f), papier (m)3.4DghwedeFricklbaxaleaf4Proto-Mofu*ɬaᵐbahleaffeuille4.1MadaNkoumouɮbah j ellelégume, feuille4.2MolokoFriesenaɬaᵐbahleaffeuille4.3ZulgoHallerɬàᵐbahfeuille f.4.4GemzekSabataiɬaᵐbahleaffeuille4.5MereyGravinaɬaᵐbahleaffeuille4.6DugworJubumnaɬaᵐbaleaffeuille4.7Mofu NorthBarreteaubāɬāhfeuille5Proto-Maroua*haɬaɓleaffeuille5.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanhaɬaɓfeuilles du mil6Proto-Gidar*gaɬᵐbaleaffeuille6.1GidarSchuhgaɬ ᵐba/afeuilles6.2GidarHungerfordgaɬaᵐbafeuille
ɬensinum.fivecinq36Esynhʷɨtifɮɨɗɨm
The forms here are not necessarily cognate, and the existence of this root, even within a subset of Central Chadic groups, is by no means certain.1Proto-Kotoko Island*hiᵑgifivecinq1.1BudumaMcKonexiᵑgifive (5)cinq (5)1.2BudumaMcKonexiᵑgicinq.2Proto-Kotoko North*ɬʼentsifivecinq2.1AfadeAllisonɬʼentsifive (5)cinq (5)2.2MpadeAllisonʃénsifive (5)cinq (5)2.3MalgbeAllisonɬensifive (5)cinq (5)3Proto-Kotoko Centre*ʃeʃifivecinq3.1LagwanAllisonʃeʃifive (5)cinq (5)3.2MserAllisonʃeʃifive (5)cinq (5)
ɬɨɗɨn ʸnf.toothdent1853B
This root is found in all groups, and can be reconstructed for Proto-Chadic and in other branches of Afroasiatic. *ɬ behaves as expected, having the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch and other regular reflexes such as /l/, /s/ and /h/ in individual languages or group proto-languages. The final *n has the regular reflex *r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group. *ɗ is reconstructed based on data from the Daba and Lamang groups. In the Daba group, the reflex /ɗ/ is found. In the Lamang group the Lamang language has /d/ and Hdi has /ʔ/, giving good grounds for reconstructing *ɗ. In the Hurza group, the Vame word gives support for a middle consonant in the root, but does not provide support for *ɗ itself. Under palatalisation, *ɗ regularly becomes /j/ in most languages, which accounts for its absence in some cases. There is evidence for the palatalisation prosody from almost all groups where it is a productive feature.1Proto-Bata*ɮinɨ ʸtoothdent1.1BataBoydlintotooth1.2GudeHoskinsonlìnjínə(inher. poss., body part) tooth, teeth1.3JimiDjibilinjənDent1.4SharwaGravinalinjəDent1.5TsuvanJohnstonɮinela dent2Proto-Daba*ɮɨɗaŋ ʸtoothdent2.1BuwalViljoenɮəɗeŋtoothdent2.2GavarViljoenɮiɗeŋtoothdent3Proto-Mafa*ɮan ʸtoothdent3.1MafaBarreteauɮenedent3.2CuvokGravinaɮeŋtoothdent4Proto-Tera*ɮintoothdent4.1TeraNewmanɮintooth (general term and incisor)4.2NyimatliHarleyɮintooth5Proto-Sukur*ɮɨn ʸtoothdent5.1SukurDavidɮjintooth5.2SukurThomasɮinteeth:- is something in the mouth for both human and animal usually for eating and bitting.6Proto-Hurza*ɬahantoothdent6.1MbukoGravinaɬantoothdent6.2VameKinnairdɬāhántoothdent7Proto-Margi*ɬɨr ʸtoothdent7.1MargiHoffmanhjirtooth7.2Margi SouthHarleyhjirtooth1Margi SouthHoffmanhjirtooth7.3KilbaHoffmanhjirtooth1KilbaSchuhhjirtooth7.4BuraBlenchɬirTooth (Preferably 'hlir') (BR)1BuraBlenchhirTooth2BuraBlenchhjir, hirTooth, teeth8Proto-Mandara*ɬɨrɨ ʸtoothdent8.1MatalBrangerɬɪ᷆ɗtoothdent8.2PodokoSwackhammerɬira,-ədent8.3MandaraFluckigerɬárédent (f), défense d'éléphant, tranchant de la lame d'un instrument, croc d'un animal8.4MalgwaLöhrthlaaretooth8.5GlavdaNghagyivaɬr̀ɗatooth8.6DghwedeFrickɬiretooth9Proto-Mofu*ɬɨr ʸtoothdent9.1OuldemeKinnairdāɬártoothdent9.2MuyangSmithaɬərtoothdent9.3MadaNkoumouaɬárdent9.4MolokoFriesenaɬartoothdent9.5ZulgoHallerɮírdent f.9.6GemzekSabataiɮertoothdent9.7MereyGravinaɮertoothdent9.8DugworJubumnaɮertoothdent9.9Mofu NorthBarreteauɬérdent9.10Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬerdent ; croc, défense (d'éléphant)10Proto-Maroua*ɬɨn ʸtoothdent10.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬiŋdent10.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬintoothdent10.3MbazlaTourneuxɬiŋdent1MbazlaSILSurveyhíŋtoothdent11Proto-Lamang*ɬiɗiŋtoothdent11.1LamangWolffɬidiŋteeth11.2HdiBramlettɬiʼiŋtoothla dent12Proto-Higi*ɬinɨtoothdent12.1Kamwe-FutuHarleyɬinotooth12.2KiryaBlenchɬàjtooth12.3PsikyeAngeloɬənə́tooth12.4BanaLienhardɬìnìdent13Proto-Kotoko Island*hɨnajtoothdent13.1BudumaMcKonehənajdent.14Proto-Kotoko North*ɬɨrtoothdent14.1AfadeAllisonɬɨrtoothdent14.2MpadeAllisonʃántoothdent14.3MalgbeAllisonɬɨrtoothdent15Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬɨnitoothdent15.1LagwanAllisonɬɨnitoothdent15.2MserAllisonsɨrtoothdent16Proto-Kotoko South*sintoothdent16.1ZinaOddensìntoothdent16.2MazeraAllisonsinetoothdent17Proto-Musgum*ɬɨŋtoothdent17.1VulumTourneuxɬɨŋɬɨŋdent18Proto-Gidar*ɬajatoothdent18.1GidarSchuhɬaja, dent18.2GidarHungerfordɬajadent
ɬɨmɨɗ ʸn.earoreille1853Acfɬɨmɨɗ ʸ
This root is attested in all Central Chadic groups. The initial *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch and has regular reflexes in all alnguages. The *m is stable, except for the sporadic change to /ᵐb/ in Mafa. The final *ɗ is retained in Mafa and the Giziga languages, and there is the reflex /ʔ/ in Daba and Mbazla. Elsewhere the *ɗ has either been lost completely, or has been palatalised, with *ɗʲ→j. As a result of this, the palatalisation prosody is only apparent in four groups.1Proto-Bata*ɮɨmi ʸearoreille1.1GudeHoskinsonlə̀má -ə(inher. poss.) name1.2JimiDjibilimən1 - Oreille; 2 - Nom1.3SharwaGravinalimioreille1SharwaGravinaliminom1.4TsuvanJohnstonɮəmel'oreille2Proto-Daba*ɮɨmɨʔ ʸearoreille2.1GavarViljoenɮəmearoreille2.2BuwalViljoenɮɑmearoreille2.3MazagwayHidiNoussiɮimioreille2.4DabaLienhardɮìmī ʼl'oreille ; écouter, entendre, obéir2.5MbudumNdokobaïɮəmearoreille3Proto-Mafa*ɮɨmaɗearoreille3.1MafaBarreteauɮəᵐbaɗoreille3.2CuvokGravinaɮəmajearoreille4Proto-Tera*ɮimearoreille4.1TeraNewmanɮimear1TeraNewmanɮimname4.2NyimatliHarleyɮu̱mear1NyimatliHarleyɮu̱mname5Proto-Sukur*ɮɨmajearoreille5.1SukurDavidɮəmajear5.2SukurThomasɮəmaiear; is the general term for ear.6Proto-Hurza*ɬɨmajearoreille6.1MbukoGravinaɬəmajearoreille6.2VameKinnairdɬəmajearoreille7Proto-Margi*ɬɨmi ʸearoreille7.1MargiHoffmanɬimiear7.2Margi SouthHarleyhimiear7.3KilbaSchuhhjimiear7.4BuraBlenchɬimEar8Proto-Mandara*ɬɨmɨ ʸearoreille8.1MatalBrangerɬəmearoreille8.2PodokoSwackhammerɬəma,-ə 1oreille1PodokoSwackhammerɬəma,-ə 2barbillon d'une flèche8.3MandaraFluckigerhjamaoreille (f)8.4MalgwaLöhrhjimaear8.5GlavdaNghagyivaçɨ̀mjaear1GlavdaOwensçímileaf, ear8.6DghwedeFrickɬəmeear9Proto-Mofu*ɬɨmajearoreille9.1OuldemeKinnairdɬə̄mājearoreille9.2MuyangSmithɬimiear ; nameoreille; nom9.3MadaNkoumouɬmeoreille9.4ZulgoHallerɮə́moreille f.9.5GemzekSabataiɮamearoreille9.6MereyGravinaɮəmearoreille9.7DugworJubumnaɮamearoreille9.8Mofu NorthBarreteauɬə́májoreille9.9Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬəmajearoreille10Proto-Maroua*ɬɨmɨɗ ʸearoreile10.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬimiɗ(i)oreille, nom, prénom10.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬimeɗearoreille10.3MbazlaTourneuxɬəmajoreille1MbazlaSILSurveyʃímɛ̄ʼearoreille11Proto-Lamang*ɬɨmɨŋearoreille11.1HdiBramlettɬəməŋearl'oreille12Proto-Higi*ɬɨmɨearoreille12.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleyɬəməear12.2Kamwe-FutuHarleyɬimoᵑgear12.3KiryaBlenchɬə́mear, name12.4BanaLienhardɬə́mə́oreille13Proto-Kotoko Island*hɨmuearoreille13.1BudumaMcKonehəmuəearoreille13.2BudumaMcKonehəmuoreille, nom, anse.14Proto-Kotoko North*ɬɨmearoreille14.1AfadeAllisonɬɨmearoreille14.2MpadeAllisonʃimuearoreille14.3MalgbeAllisonɬɨmearoreille15Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬɨmiearoreille15.1LagwanAllisonɬɨmiearoreille15.2MserAllisonsɨm; toboearoreille16Proto-Kotoko South*simeearoreille16.1MazeraAllisonsimeearoreille17Proto-Musgum*ɬɨma ʷearoreille17.1MbaraTourneuxɬumoear18Proto-Gidar*ɬɨmaearoreille18.1GidarHungerfordɬəmaoreille1GidarSchuhɬəma/aoreille19Kanurisə́moearoreille
ɬɨmɨɗ ʸnm.namenom1223Acfɬɨmɨɗ ʸ
This root is reconstructed to be identical with the root for 'ear', though the reflexes in individual languages may differ. It is not known if the two words are in fact two senses of the same word. *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the languages of the South sub-branch, and other regular reflexes in individual languages. The final *ɗ has the reflex *j in several groups due to the effect of palatalisation.1Proto-Daba*ɮɨmnamenom1.1BuwalViljoenɮɑmnamenom1.2GavarViljoenɮəmnamenom2Proto-Mafa*ɮɨᵐbaɗnamenom2.1MafaBarreteauńɮəᵐbáɗnom3Proto-Tera*ɮɨmnamenom3.1NyimatliHarleyɮu̱mname4Proto-Hurza*ɬɨmajnamenom4.1MbukoGravinaɬəmajnamenom5Proto-Margi*ɬimnamenom5.1BuraBlenchɬimName5.2KilbaSchuhɬəmname6Proto-Mandara*ɬɨmnamenom6.1MatalBrangerɬəmnamenom7Proto-Mofu*ɬɨmɨjnamenom7.1MuyangSmithɬimiear ; nameoreille; nom7.2MadaNkoumouɬmenom7.3MolokoFriesenɬəmajearoreille1MolokoFriesenɬəmajnamenom7.4GemzekSabataiɮamnamenom7.5DugworJubumnaɮamnamenom8Proto-Maroua*ɬɨmaɗ ʸnamenom8.1Giziga MarvaHamidouɬimeɗnamenom8.2MbazlaTourneuxɬəmajnom1MbazlaSILSurveysə̀máínamenom9Proto-Kotoko North*ɬɨmnamenom9.1AfadeAllisonɬɨm; ɬɨm sewe; ɬɨm a tsenamenom9.2MpadeAllisonʃímùnamenom9.3MalgbeAllisonɬɨmnamenom9.4MaltamAllisonɬɨm sɨ wawun; ɬɨm sɨ hili (mawe / grɨm)namenom10Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬɨminamenom10.1LagwanAllisonɬɨmi; ɬɨmi a bɨlamnamenom10.2MserAllisonsɨmnamenom11Proto-Kotoko South*sɨma ʸnamenom11.1ZinaOddensə̀mnamenom11.2MazeraAllisonsimenamenom12Proto-Musgum*ɬɨm ʸnamenom12.1MbaraTourneuxɬimname
ɬɨnv.sendenvoyer1224A
The basic sense is to send someone to do something. The initial *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the languages of the South sub-branch, along with other regular reflexes in individual languages and groups. The *n has the regular reflex *r in the Mandara and Mofu groups. However, the final /n/ in Bura is expected to be /r/, and in Cuvok /n/ is expected where /r/ is found. The /l/ in Matal is the result of a subsequent regular change *r→l. In Lagwan and Mser there may be two similar roots *ɬɨn and *ɬʼɨm. The second of these, which is also given for Mpade, may not be cognate. The Bura word contains the vowel /e/, which is not part of the core phonemic inventory. 1Proto-Daba*ɮɨnsendenvoyer1.1GavarViljoenɮənsendenvoyer1.2DabaLienhardɮə̄nenvoyer2Proto-Mafa*ɮɨnsendenvoyer2.1MafaBarreteauɮiᵑgdenvoyer2.2CuvokGravinaɮərasend (something to someone)envoyer (qqch à qqun)1CuvokGravinaɮar ⁿdasend (someone to do something)envoyer en commission3Proto-Hurza*ɬɨnsendenvoyer3.1MbukoGravinaɬansendenvoyer3.2VameKinnairdɬə́nāsendenvoyer4Proto-Margi*ɬensendenvoyer4.1BuraBlenchɬentaTo send (BR) Preferably hlenta1BuraBlenchhjentaTo send; to cause to go5Proto-Mandara*ɬɨrsendenvoyer5.1MatalBrangermàɬə̀lājsendenvoyer6Proto-Mofu*ɬɨrsendenvoyer6.1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemɬə̄rsendenvoyer6.2MadaNkoumoumaɬlaenvoyer en mission6.3MolokoFriesenɬarsendenvoyer6.4ZulgoHallerɬə́renvoyer, déléguer6.5GemzekSabataimeɬəresend (something to someone)envoyer (qqch à qqun)6.6MereyGravinaɬərsendenvoyer6.7DugworJubumnaməɬərejsend (someone to do something)envoyer en commission6.8Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬərenvoyer qqn, charger d'une commission, commissionner, rendre service7Proto-Maroua*ɬɨnsendenvoyer7.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬinenvoyer7.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬəŋnesend (someone to do something)envoyer en commission8Proto-Kotoko North*tsʼamsendenvoyer8.1MpadeAllisontʃʼàmsend (s.o. to do sth.)envoyer en commission9Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬɨnsendenvoyer9.1LagwanAllisonɬɨ (ni)send (s.o. to do sth.)envoyer en commission1LagwanAllisonɬʼɨmwun; ɬʼɨmsend (s.o. to do sth.)envoyer en commission9.2MserAllisonsɨn (bɨlam)send (s.o. to do sth.)envoyer en commission1MserAllisonsʼam (ni)send (sth. to s.o.)envoyer (qqch à qqn)10Proto-Kotoko South*sɨnesendenvoyer10.1MazeraAllisonsɨnesend (sth. to s.o.)envoyer (qqch à qqn)1MazeraAllisonsɨnesend (s.o. to do sth.)envoyer en commission11Proto-Musgum*ɬɨnɨ ʸsendenvoyer11.1MulwiTourneuxɬinienvoyer12Proto-Gidar*ɬɨnasendenvoyer12.1GidarHungerfordwəɬənaenvoyer
ɬinɨnf., v.worktravail1134A
*ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, and here that is the case in Proto-Daba and Proto-Sukur. However, in the Tera group we expect /ɮ/ but find /ɬ/, and in the Bata group we expect /ɮ/ in Tsuvan and /l/ in the other languages cited, but find /ɬ/ in all languages except Bata. The *n has the regular reflex *r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group, and here also in the Giziga languages, borrowed from Mofu-Gudur. *i is reconstructed based on its presence in Proto-Bata, Proto-Margi, Proto-Mandara and Proto-Higi. In most other groups *i is no longer contrastive.1Proto-Bata*ɬinɨworktravail1.1BataBoydlèntowork1.2GudeHoskinsonɬənəwork1GudeHoskinsonɬə̀ná -əwork1.3JimiDjibiɬinənTravail, travailler ;1.4SharwaGravinaɬəntravail1.5TsuvanJohnstonɬinikənle travail2Proto-Daba*ɮɨnworktravail2.1BuwalViljoenɮɑnwork (n)travail2.2GavarViljoenɮənwork (n)travail3Proto-Tera*ɬɨnaworktravail3.1TeraNewmanɬənawork3.2NyimatliHarleyɬu̱nawork (n)4Proto-Sukur*ɮɨnworktravail4.1SukurDavidɮənwork4.2SukurThomasɮənwork5Proto-Hurza*ɬɨnaworktravail5.1MbukoGravinaaɬantravail5.2VameKinnairdɬə̄ráworktravail6Proto-Margi*ɬirworktravail6.1BuraBlenchkiɬirWork6.2MargiHoffmanɬərwork6.3KilbaSchuhɬəra//work7Proto-Mandara*ɬɨriworktravail7.1MatalBrangerɬᵊ̄rājworktravail7.2PodokoSwackhammerɬərátravailler, cultiver1PodokoSwackhammerɬəra,-itravail7.3MalgwaLöhrthlərawork7.4GlavdaNghagyivaɬɾawork (n)1GlavdaOwensłəwork7.5DghwedeFrickɬərawork8Proto-Mofu*ɬɨrworktravail8.1OuldemeKinnairdàɬə̀rworktravail8.2MolokoFriesenɬəreleworktravail8.3GemzekSabataiməɬerwork (n)travail8.4MereyGravinaməɬerwork (n)travail8.5DugworJubumnaməɬerwork (n)travail8.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬəratravail9Proto-Maroua*ɬɨraworktravail9.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬra, ɬratravail1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬratravail9.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬirawork (n)travail10Proto-Lamang*ɬɨnaworktravail10.1HdiBramlettɬənaworkle travail11Proto-Higi*ɬinɨworktravail11.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleyɬə́nə́Work11.2Kamwe-FutuHarleyɬinəwork11.3KiryaBlenchɬə́nə́work, duty11.4PsikyeAngeloɬə́nə́work11.5BanaLienhardɬə́nítravail, travailler
ɬiranum.sixsix23Csynkɨwahmarkɨɗ ʸvɨnahkɨr
This is one of several roots for 'six', and is found only in the Musgum and Gidar groups. The vowel *i is tentatively reconstructed, but without great confidence.1Proto-Musgum*ɬirasixsix1.1VulumTourneuxɬaarasix1.2MbaraTourneuxɬirasix2Proto-Gidar*ɬɨra ʸsixsix2.1GidarSchuhɬəresix2.2GidarHungerfordɬresix, 6
ɬɨrɨginf.rootracine1131C
This root presents some difficulties in its reconstruction. The *ɬ is expected to have the reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, but this is not the case in any of the South groups (Bata, Daba, Mafa, Sukur). In the Bata group, there should also have been a subsequent change *ɮ→l in most languages, and this has not taken place. However, the regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch has taken place with a good degree of consistency. The *g has the unestablished reflexes /k/, /h/, /ᵑg/, /ŋ/ and /j/. In the Daba, Mafa and Maroua groups, and in some Mofu group languages, there is reduplication of the *ɬ. This is normally a sign that an initial consonant such as *h has been lost, but there is no direct evidence for such an initial consonant.1Proto-Bata*ɬɨrɨgirootracine1.1GudeHoskinsonlhə́rə̀gínəroot(s)1.2JimiDjibiɬərəginRacines1.3SharwaGravinaɬjərjəgiracine1.4TsuvanJohnstonɬerela racine2Proto-Daba*ɬaɬalajrootracine2.1BuwalViljoenɬɑɬɑlɑjrootracine3Proto-Mafa*ɬaɬarajrootracine3.1CuvokGravinaɬaɬalajrootracine4Proto-Sukur*ɬɨjrootracine4.1SukurDavidɬiroot4.2SukurThomasɬəiroot:- the part of a plant that grows under the ground and absorbs water and minerals that is send to the rest of the plant.5Proto-Hurza*ɬɨlɨkajrootracine5.1MbukoGravinaɬəlajrootracine5.2VameKinnairdɬə̄lkērootracine6Proto-Mandara*ɬalɨhrootracine6.1MatalBrangerɬⁱ̄lɪ̀hrootracine6.2MandaraFluckigerɬalweracine (f)6.3MalgwaLöhrthlalaweroot6.4GlavdaNghagyiva ɬàlījaroot6.5DghwedeFrickɬəlaroot7Proto-Mofu*ɬɨlajrootracine7.1OuldemeKinnairdɬìkìlìrootracine7.2MolokoFriesenɬəlajrootracine7.3ZulgoHallerɮíléracine f.7.4GemzekSabataiɮəleracine7.5MereyGravinaɮəlajrootracine7.6DugworJubumnaɮəɮəlajrootracine7.7Mofu NorthBarreteauɬə́fájrootracine7.8Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬaɬalajracine ; (sens fig.) fils, richesse8Proto-Maroua*ɬaɬalakirootracine8.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬaɬalak(a) daᵐbaɬa (Mj)racine d'arbre, remède (Mv: slaslak= dambasla: écorce de racine, racine. Mj slaslalak= racine d'un arbre sec8.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬaɬalakrootracine8.3MbazlaTourneuxʃilki, tʃelkiracine1MbazlaSILSurveyhìlíkiʼrootracine9Proto-Lamang*ɬɨrɨŋrootracine9.1HdiBramlettɬərəŋrootla racine10Proto-Higi*ɬɨlɨᵑgɨrootracine10.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleythlərənaroot1Kamwe-NkafaHarleythərnaroot10.2KiryaBlenchɬìrᵑgároot10.3PsikyeAngeloɬúgúroot10.4BanaLienhardxjílílìŋ(ə)racine11Proto-Gidar*ɬalwajarootracine11.1GidarHungerfordɬalwajaracine
ɬɨwɨɗ ʸnm.meatviande1643A
This is one of the most widely attested roots. The initial *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, and the other reflexes are regular. The palatalisation prosody is present in many of the groups. In some groups it has combined with *ɗ, resulting in *j. In Mandara and Malgwa the *ɬ has been palatised and then moved to the velar position, resulting *hʲ, which is a regular process. In Matal and Podoko the *w and *d have fused, resulting in /ɓ/, and in Hdi the same phonemes have resulted in /ʔʷ/. These are both common sporadic processes.1Proto-Bata*ɮɨwɨ ʸmeatviande1.1GudeHoskinsonlə̀wá -əmeat, wild animal1.2JimiDjibiliwənViande1.3SharwaGravinaliwəViande1.4TsuvanJohnstonɮiwela viande2Proto-Daba*ɮɨj ʸmeatviande2.1BuwalViljoenɮejfleshchair1BuwalViljoenɮejmeatviande2.2GavarViljoenɮimeatviande1GavarViljoenɮifleshchair2.3MbudumNdokobaïɮimeatviande3Proto-Mafa*ɮɨwaɗ ʸmeatviande3.1MafaNdokobaiɮuweɗmeatviande 1MafaBarreteauɮúwéɗviande3.2CuvokGravinaɬawmeatviande4Proto-Tera*ɮumeatviande4.1TeraNewmanɮumeat4.2NyimatliHarleyɮumeat5Proto-Sukur*ɮɨwɨɗ ʸmeatviande5.1SukurDavidɬuwijmeat5.2SukurThomasɮuimeat; is the general term for meat; the flesh of an animals or a birds eating as food.6Proto-Hurza*ɬɨwaɗ ʸmeatviande6.1MbukoGravinaɬuweɗmeatviande6.2VameKinnairdɬūwémeatviande7Proto-Mandara*ɬɨwɨɗ ʸmeatviande7.1MatalBrangerɬəbmeatviande7.2PodokoSwackhammerɬəɓa,-əviande7.3MandaraFluckigerhjuaviande (f)7.4MalgwaLöhrhjuwameat, flesh7.5GlavdaNghagyivaɬùwameat1GlavdaOwensłmeat8Proto-Mofu*ɬɨwmeatviande8.1OuldemeKinnairdɬūmeatviande8.2MuyangSmithɑɬuflesh ; meatviande; chaire8.3MadaNkoumouosɬoviande8.4ZulgoHallerɬúviande f.8.5GemzekSabataiɬomeatviande8.6MereyGravinaɬawviande1MereyGravinaɮawmeatviande2MereyGravinaɬoviande8.7DugworJubumnaɬawmeatviande8.8Mofu NorthBarreteauɬàwviande8.9Mofu-GudurHollingsworthaɬawmeatviande, chair animale (viande ou poisson)9Proto-Lamang*ɬɨʔʷimeatviande9.1LamangWolffɬùwmeat9.2HdiBramlettɬuʼimeatla viande10Proto-Higi*ɬɨjmeatviande10.1Kamwe-FutuHarleyɬjimeat; flesh10.2KiryaBlenchɬèmeat10.3PsikyeAngeloɬimeat11Proto-Kotoko Island*humeatviande11.1BudumaMcKonexùmeatviande12Proto-Kotoko North*ɬɨwmeatviande12.1MpadeAllisonʃúmeatviande12.2MalgbeAllisonɬumeatviande13Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬɨwmeatviande13.1LagwanAllisonɬumeatviande13.2MserAllisonsumeatviande14Proto-Kotoko South*asumeatviande14.1ZinaOddenàsúmeatviande15Proto-Musgum*ɬɨwɨtmeatviande15.1VulumTourneuxɬukviande15.2MbaraTourneuxɬukmeat15.3MuskumTourneuxɬuwutviande16Proto-Gidar*ɬɨwɨmeatviande16.1GidarSchuhɬuwa/0viande16.2GidarHungerfordɬuwaviande


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ɬ


ɬa2v.cutcouper1334A
This is a very well attested Central Chadic root. The *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch. Within the Bata group, there has been a subsequent regular change *ɮ→l in most languages. *ɬ also has the regular reflex *s in several Kotoko languages. The ejective that is present in Proto-Kotoko North and Proto-Kotoko Centre may indicate that the root originally contained a glottal consonant such as *ɗ, which fused with the reflex of *ɬ, but without any supporting evidence this cannot be included in the reconstruction.1Proto-Bata*ɮacutcouper1.1GudeHoskinsonlacut1.2JimiDjibilan1 - Trouver, couper avec un couteau ou une hache ;1.3SharwaGravinala(se) couper1.4TsuvanJohnstona ɮakəncouper en morceau?2Proto-Daba*ɮacutcouper2.1BuwalViljoenɮɑcutcouper2.2GavarViljoenɮɑcut with a blade (tr)couper avec une lame1GavarViljoenɮɑsaw (wood)scier2.3MbudumNdokobaïɮucut (tr)couper1MbudumNdokobaïkəɮabutcher, cut up (meat) (v)abattre, découper (viande)2.4DabaLienhardɮàcouper3Proto-Tera*ɮacutcouper3.1TeraNewmanɮacut (e.g. w/ knife)4Proto-Sukur*ɮɨcutcouper4.1SukurDavidɮəcut, to5Proto-Hurza*ɬacutcouper5.1MbukoGravinaɬato cut (eg grass)couper (eg herbe)5.2VameKinnairdɬáwācutcouper6Proto-Margi*ɬacutcouper6.1BuraBlenchɬaTo cut up in pieces6.2MargiHoffmanɬəto cut (with axe)6.3KilbaSchuhɬa/acut1KilbaSchuhɬa/aslaughter2KilbaSchuhɬaucut7Proto-Mandara*ɬacutcouper7.1PodokoSwackhammerɬacouper8Proto-Mofu*ɬcutcouper8.1OuldemeKinnairdɬìcutcouper8.2MuyangSmithɬɑjcut with a sicklecouper (avec la faucille), couper en enlevant, couper l’obscurité8.3ZulgoHallerɮecouper, faire une incision8.4DugworJubumnamaɬajcut (tr)couper8.5Mofu NorthBarreteauméɬējcouper, circoncire1Mofu NorthBarreteauméɬējappara"itre pour la lune, commencer (mois)2Mofu NorthBarreteauméɬējravir, épouser (femme)8.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬ ́couper; circoncire1Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬ ́apparaître (la lune), commencer (le mois)9Proto-Maroua*ɬicutcouper9.1MbazlaTourneuxɬicouper10Proto-Higi*ɬacutcouper10.1Kamwe-FutuHarleyɬacut open (papaya)10.2KiryaBlenchɬácut, trim, sneeze, smell10.3PsikyeAngeloɬácut10.4BanaLienhardɬácouper, tailler, trancher11Proto-Kotoko North*ɬʼacutcouper11.1AfadeAllisonsʼa; sʼelchop into piecesfendre, couper en morceaux11.2MpadeAllisonsʼà hòcut openfendre, ouvrir avec un couteau1MpadeAllisonnsʼáchop into piecesfendre, couper en morceaux11.3MalgbeAllisonɬawuncut openfendre, ouvrir avec un couteau1MalgbeAllisonsʼɨnjawunchop into piecesfendre, couper en morceaux12Proto-Kotoko Centre*sʼacutcouper12.1LagwanAllisonsʼawunchop into piecesfendre, couper en morceaux12.2MserAllisonsʼiacut openfendre, ouvrir avec un couteau1MserAllisonsʼia has haschop into piecesfendre, couper en morceaux13Proto-Musgum*ɬicutcouper13.1MulwiTourneuxɬicouper13.2MbaraTourneuxɬiicutcouper
ɬa1nf.cowbœuf1854
This is the best attested root in Central Chadic, occuring in all eighteen groups. *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, with the further regular reflex *l within part of the Bata group. *ɬ also has the regular reflexes *h in Buduma, *s in Proto-Kotoko South and some of the other Kotoko languages, and *ʃ in Mpade.1Proto-Bata*ɮacowvache1.1GudeHoskinsonlàcow1.2JimiDjibilan2 - Bœuf1.3SharwaGravinalaBœuf ,bœufs1SharwaGravinalavache1.4TsuvanJohnstonɮale bœuf1TsuvanJohnstonɮakənla vache2Proto-Daba*ɮacowvache2.1BuwalViljoenɮɑox (general term), bovinebœuf2.2GavarViljoenɮɑox (general term), bovinebœuf2.3MbudumNdokobaïɮaoxbœuf2.4MazagwayHidiNoussiɮaboeuf2.5DabaLienhardɮàla vache, le bétail3Proto-Mafa*ɮacowvache3.1MafaNdokobaiɮecowboeuf3.2CuvokGravinaɮaoxbœuf4Proto-Tera*ɮacowvache4.1TeraNewmanɮacow4.2NyimatliHarleyɮecow1NyimatliHarleyɮacow (female)5Proto-Sukur*ɮɨcowvache5.1SukurDavidɮəcow, general term for cattle5.2SukurThomasɮəŋamy cow; not belong to some one6Proto-Hurza*ɬacowvache6.1MbukoGravinaɬacowboeuf, vache6.2VameKinnairdāɬāoxboeuf7Proto-Margi*ɬacowvache7.1MargiHoffmanɬacow7.2Margi SouthHarleythlacow7.3KilbaSchuhɬacow7.4BuraBlenchɬa, ɬiCow8Proto-Mandara*ɨɬacowvache8.1MatalBrangerɬacowboeuf8.2PodokoSwackhammerɬa,-avache, boeuf8.3MandaraFluckigeréɬáboeuf (m)8.4MalgwaLöhrəthlacattle, cow8.5GlavdaNghagyiva ɬacow (female)9Proto-Mofu*ɬacowvache9.1OuldemeKinnairdɬàoxboeuf9.2MolokoFriesenɬacowvache; boeuf9.3ZulgoHallerɬavache f.9.4GemzekSabataiɬaoxbœuf9.5MereyGravinaɬaoxbœuf9.6DugworJubumnamamij ɬacowvache9.7Mofu NorthBarreteauɬābovin, vache, boeuf.9.8Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬacowbovin, vache10Proto-Maroua*ɬacowvache10.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬavache10.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬaoxbœuf1Giziga MarvaHamidouɬacowvache10.3MbazlaTourneuxɬavache11Proto-Lamang*ɬacowvache11.1LamangWolffɬácow11.2HdiBramlettɬacowla vache varieté zébu12Proto-Higi*ɬacowvache12.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleyɬácow1Kamwe-NkafaHarleythlacow12.2KiryaBlenchɬácow12.3PsikyeAngeloɬacow12.4BanaLienhardɬávache13Proto-Kotoko Island*hacowvache13.1BudumaMcKonehacowvache14Proto-Kotoko North*ɬacowvache14.1AfadeAllisonɬa; ɬa l gɨrɨmcowvache14.2MpadeAllisonʃácowvache14.3MalgbeAllisonɬacowvache15Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬacowvache15.1LagwanAllisonnɬacowvache15.2MserAllisonsaoxbœuf16Proto-Kotoko South*sacowvache16.1ZinaOddenàsàcowvache16.2MazeraAllisonkɨsacowvache17Proto-Musgum*ɬajcowvache17.1VulumTourneuxɬajvache17.2MulwiTourneuxɬeboeuf17.3MbaraTourneuxwurɮajcow18Proto-Gidar*waɬɨjacowvache18.1GidarHungerfordwaɬijavache, boeuf18.2GidarSchuhwaɬija/0vache
ɬaᵐbahn.leaffeuille617D
This root is attested in some languages in the Mandara Mountains area. There is a fair degree of variation in the forms, and some parts of the reconstruction are provisional. Not all of the forms cited are necessarily cognate. It is possibly related to the root *ɬɨmɨɗ 'ear'.1Proto-Daba*gʷaɬakleaffeuille1.1BuwalViljoengʷɑɬɑkʷwide leaf used for wrapping thingsfeuille large qui sert à l'embalage1.2GavarViljoengʷɑɬɑkleaffeuille2Proto-Mafa*ɮaᵐbaj, gamɬakleaffeuille2.1MafaBarreteauɮaᵐbajfeuille de mil2.2CuvokGravinagamɬakleaffeuille3Proto-Mandara*ɬɨbahɨleaffeuille3.1MatalBrangerbabaɬ ahafleaffeuille3.2PodokoSwackhammerɮə́baha,-əfeuille3.3MandaraFluckigerɬapafeuille (f), papier (m)3.4DghwedeFricklbaxaleaf4Proto-Mofu*ɬaᵐbahleaffeuille4.1MadaNkoumouɮbah j ellelégume, feuille4.2MolokoFriesenaɬaᵐbahleaffeuille4.3ZulgoHallerɬàᵐbahfeuille f.4.4GemzekSabataiɬaᵐbahleaffeuille4.5MereyGravinaɬaᵐbahleaffeuille4.6DugworJubumnaɬaᵐbaleaffeuille4.7Mofu NorthBarreteaubāɬāhfeuille5Proto-Maroua*haɬaɓleaffeuille5.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanhaɬaɓfeuilles du mil6Proto-Gidar*gaɬᵐbaleaffeuille6.1GidarSchuhgaɬ ᵐba/afeuilles6.2GidarHungerfordgaɬaᵐbafeuille
ɬensinum.fivecinq36Esynhʷɨtifɮɨɗɨm
The forms here are not necessarily cognate, and the existence of this root, even within a subset of Central Chadic groups, is by no means certain.1Proto-Kotoko Island*hiᵑgifivecinq1.1BudumaMcKonexiᵑgifive (5)cinq (5)1.2BudumaMcKonexiᵑgicinq.2Proto-Kotoko North*ɬʼentsifivecinq2.1AfadeAllisonɬʼentsifive (5)cinq (5)2.2MpadeAllisonʃénsifive (5)cinq (5)2.3MalgbeAllisonɬensifive (5)cinq (5)3Proto-Kotoko Centre*ʃeʃifivecinq3.1LagwanAllisonʃeʃifive (5)cinq (5)3.2MserAllisonʃeʃifive (5)cinq (5)
ɬɨɗɨn ʸnf.toothdent1853B
This root is found in all groups, and can be reconstructed for Proto-Chadic and in other branches of Afroasiatic. *ɬ behaves as expected, having the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch and other regular reflexes such as /l/, /s/ and /h/ in individual languages or group proto-languages. The final *n has the regular reflex *r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group. *ɗ is reconstructed based on data from the Daba and Lamang groups. In the Daba group, the reflex /ɗ/ is found. In the Lamang group the Lamang language has /d/ and Hdi has /ʔ/, giving good grounds for reconstructing *ɗ. In the Hurza group, the Vame word gives support for a middle consonant in the root, but does not provide support for *ɗ itself. Under palatalisation, *ɗ regularly becomes /j/ in most languages, which accounts for its absence in some cases. There is evidence for the palatalisation prosody from almost all groups where it is a productive feature.1Proto-Bata*ɮinɨ ʸtoothdent1.1BataBoydlintotooth1.2GudeHoskinsonlìnjínə(inher. poss., body part) tooth, teeth1.3JimiDjibilinjənDent1.4SharwaGravinalinjəDent1.5TsuvanJohnstonɮinela dent2Proto-Daba*ɮɨɗaŋ ʸtoothdent2.1BuwalViljoenɮəɗeŋtoothdent2.2GavarViljoenɮiɗeŋtoothdent3Proto-Mafa*ɮan ʸtoothdent3.1MafaBarreteauɮenedent3.2CuvokGravinaɮeŋtoothdent4Proto-Tera*ɮintoothdent4.1TeraNewmanɮintooth (general term and incisor)4.2NyimatliHarleyɮintooth5Proto-Sukur*ɮɨn ʸtoothdent5.1SukurDavidɮjintooth5.2SukurThomasɮinteeth:- is something in the mouth for both human and animal usually for eating and bitting.6Proto-Hurza*ɬahantoothdent6.1MbukoGravinaɬantoothdent6.2VameKinnairdɬāhántoothdent7Proto-Margi*ɬɨr ʸtoothdent7.1MargiHoffmanhjirtooth7.2Margi SouthHarleyhjirtooth1Margi SouthHoffmanhjirtooth7.3KilbaHoffmanhjirtooth1KilbaSchuhhjirtooth7.4BuraBlenchɬirTooth (Preferably 'hlir') (BR)1BuraBlenchhirTooth2BuraBlenchhjir, hirTooth, teeth8Proto-Mandara*ɬɨrɨ ʸtoothdent8.1MatalBrangerɬɪ᷆ɗtoothdent8.2PodokoSwackhammerɬira,-ədent8.3MandaraFluckigerɬárédent (f), défense d'éléphant, tranchant de la lame d'un instrument, croc d'un animal8.4MalgwaLöhrthlaaretooth8.5GlavdaNghagyivaɬr̀ɗatooth8.6DghwedeFrickɬiretooth9Proto-Mofu*ɬɨr ʸtoothdent9.1OuldemeKinnairdāɬártoothdent9.2MuyangSmithaɬərtoothdent9.3MadaNkoumouaɬárdent9.4MolokoFriesenaɬartoothdent9.5ZulgoHallerɮírdent f.9.6GemzekSabataiɮertoothdent9.7MereyGravinaɮertoothdent9.8DugworJubumnaɮertoothdent9.9Mofu NorthBarreteauɬérdent9.10Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬerdent ; croc, défense (d'éléphant)10Proto-Maroua*ɬɨn ʸtoothdent10.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬiŋdent10.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬintoothdent10.3MbazlaTourneuxɬiŋdent1MbazlaSILSurveyhíŋtoothdent11Proto-Lamang*ɬiɗiŋtoothdent11.1LamangWolffɬidiŋteeth11.2HdiBramlettɬiʼiŋtoothla dent12Proto-Higi*ɬinɨtoothdent12.1Kamwe-FutuHarleyɬinotooth12.2KiryaBlenchɬàjtooth12.3PsikyeAngeloɬənə́tooth12.4BanaLienhardɬìnìdent13Proto-Kotoko Island*hɨnajtoothdent13.1BudumaMcKonehənajdent.14Proto-Kotoko North*ɬɨrtoothdent14.1AfadeAllisonɬɨrtoothdent14.2MpadeAllisonʃántoothdent14.3MalgbeAllisonɬɨrtoothdent15Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬɨnitoothdent15.1LagwanAllisonɬɨnitoothdent15.2MserAllisonsɨrtoothdent16Proto-Kotoko South*sintoothdent16.1ZinaOddensìntoothdent16.2MazeraAllisonsinetoothdent17Proto-Musgum*ɬɨŋtoothdent17.1VulumTourneuxɬɨŋɬɨŋdent18Proto-Gidar*ɬajatoothdent18.1GidarSchuhɬaja, dent18.2GidarHungerfordɬajadent
ɬɨmɨɗ ʸn.earoreille1853Acfɬɨmɨɗ ʸ
This root is attested in all Central Chadic groups. The initial *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch and has regular reflexes in all alnguages. The *m is stable, except for the sporadic change to /ᵐb/ in Mafa. The final *ɗ is retained in Mafa and the Giziga languages, and there is the reflex /ʔ/ in Daba and Mbazla. Elsewhere the *ɗ has either been lost completely, or has been palatalised, with *ɗʲ→j. As a result of this, the palatalisation prosody is only apparent in four groups.1Proto-Bata*ɮɨmi ʸearoreille1.1GudeHoskinsonlə̀má -ə(inher. poss.) name1.2JimiDjibilimən1 - Oreille; 2 - Nom1.3SharwaGravinalimioreille1SharwaGravinaliminom1.4TsuvanJohnstonɮəmel'oreille2Proto-Daba*ɮɨmɨʔ ʸearoreille2.1GavarViljoenɮəmearoreille2.2BuwalViljoenɮɑmearoreille2.3MazagwayHidiNoussiɮimioreille2.4DabaLienhardɮìmī ʼl'oreille ; écouter, entendre, obéir2.5MbudumNdokobaïɮəmearoreille3Proto-Mafa*ɮɨmaɗearoreille3.1MafaBarreteauɮəᵐbaɗoreille3.2CuvokGravinaɮəmajearoreille4Proto-Tera*ɮimearoreille4.1TeraNewmanɮimear1TeraNewmanɮimname4.2NyimatliHarleyɮu̱mear1NyimatliHarleyɮu̱mname5Proto-Sukur*ɮɨmajearoreille5.1SukurDavidɮəmajear5.2SukurThomasɮəmaiear; is the general term for ear.6Proto-Hurza*ɬɨmajearoreille6.1MbukoGravinaɬəmajearoreille6.2VameKinnairdɬəmajearoreille7Proto-Margi*ɬɨmi ʸearoreille7.1MargiHoffmanɬimiear7.2Margi SouthHarleyhimiear7.3KilbaSchuhhjimiear7.4BuraBlenchɬimEar8Proto-Mandara*ɬɨmɨ ʸearoreille8.1MatalBrangerɬəmearoreille8.2PodokoSwackhammerɬəma,-ə 1oreille1PodokoSwackhammerɬəma,-ə 2barbillon d'une flèche8.3MandaraFluckigerhjamaoreille (f)8.4MalgwaLöhrhjimaear8.5GlavdaNghagyivaçɨ̀mjaear1GlavdaOwensçímileaf, ear8.6DghwedeFrickɬəmeear9Proto-Mofu*ɬɨmajearoreille9.1OuldemeKinnairdɬə̄mājearoreille9.2MuyangSmithɬimiear ; nameoreille; nom9.3MadaNkoumouɬmeoreille9.4ZulgoHallerɮə́moreille f.9.5GemzekSabataiɮamearoreille9.6MereyGravinaɮəmearoreille9.7DugworJubumnaɮamearoreille9.8Mofu NorthBarreteauɬə́májoreille9.9Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬəmajearoreille10Proto-Maroua*ɬɨmɨɗ ʸearoreile10.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬimiɗ(i)oreille, nom, prénom10.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬimeɗearoreille10.3MbazlaTourneuxɬəmajoreille1MbazlaSILSurveyʃímɛ̄ʼearoreille11Proto-Lamang*ɬɨmɨŋearoreille11.1HdiBramlettɬəməŋearl'oreille12Proto-Higi*ɬɨmɨearoreille12.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleyɬəməear12.2Kamwe-FutuHarleyɬimoᵑgear12.3KiryaBlenchɬə́mear, name12.4BanaLienhardɬə́mə́oreille13Proto-Kotoko Island*hɨmuearoreille13.1BudumaMcKonehəmuəearoreille13.2BudumaMcKonehəmuoreille, nom, anse.14Proto-Kotoko North*ɬɨmearoreille14.1AfadeAllisonɬɨmearoreille14.2MpadeAllisonʃimuearoreille14.3MalgbeAllisonɬɨmearoreille15Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬɨmiearoreille15.1LagwanAllisonɬɨmiearoreille15.2MserAllisonsɨm; toboearoreille16Proto-Kotoko South*simeearoreille16.1MazeraAllisonsimeearoreille17Proto-Musgum*ɬɨma ʷearoreille17.1MbaraTourneuxɬumoear18Proto-Gidar*ɬɨmaearoreille18.1GidarHungerfordɬəmaoreille1GidarSchuhɬəma/aoreille19Kanurisə́moearoreille
ɬɨmɨɗ ʸnm.namenom1223Acfɬɨmɨɗ ʸ
This root is reconstructed to be identical with the root for 'ear', though the reflexes in individual languages may differ. It is not known if the two words are in fact two senses of the same word. *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the languages of the South sub-branch, and other regular reflexes in individual languages. The final *ɗ has the reflex *j in several groups due to the effect of palatalisation.1Proto-Daba*ɮɨmnamenom1.1BuwalViljoenɮɑmnamenom1.2GavarViljoenɮəmnamenom2Proto-Mafa*ɮɨᵐbaɗnamenom2.1MafaBarreteauńɮəᵐbáɗnom3Proto-Tera*ɮɨmnamenom3.1NyimatliHarleyɮu̱mname4Proto-Hurza*ɬɨmajnamenom4.1MbukoGravinaɬəmajnamenom5Proto-Margi*ɬimnamenom5.1BuraBlenchɬimName5.2KilbaSchuhɬəmname6Proto-Mandara*ɬɨmnamenom6.1MatalBrangerɬəmnamenom7Proto-Mofu*ɬɨmɨjnamenom7.1MuyangSmithɬimiear ; nameoreille; nom7.2MadaNkoumouɬmenom7.3MolokoFriesenɬəmajearoreille1MolokoFriesenɬəmajnamenom7.4GemzekSabataiɮamnamenom7.5DugworJubumnaɮamnamenom8Proto-Maroua*ɬɨmaɗ ʸnamenom8.1Giziga MarvaHamidouɬimeɗnamenom8.2MbazlaTourneuxɬəmajnom1MbazlaSILSurveysə̀máínamenom9Proto-Kotoko North*ɬɨmnamenom9.1AfadeAllisonɬɨm; ɬɨm sewe; ɬɨm a tsenamenom9.2MpadeAllisonʃímùnamenom9.3MalgbeAllisonɬɨmnamenom9.4MaltamAllisonɬɨm sɨ wawun; ɬɨm sɨ hili (mawe / grɨm)namenom10Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬɨminamenom10.1LagwanAllisonɬɨmi; ɬɨmi a bɨlamnamenom10.2MserAllisonsɨmnamenom11Proto-Kotoko South*sɨma ʸnamenom11.1ZinaOddensə̀mnamenom11.2MazeraAllisonsimenamenom12Proto-Musgum*ɬɨm ʸnamenom12.1MbaraTourneuxɬimname
ɬɨnv.sendenvoyer1224A
The basic sense is to send someone to do something. The initial *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the languages of the South sub-branch, along with other regular reflexes in individual languages and groups. The *n has the regular reflex *r in the Mandara and Mofu groups. However, the final /n/ in Bura is expected to be /r/, and in Cuvok /n/ is expected where /r/ is found. The /l/ in Matal is the result of a subsequent regular change *r→l. In Lagwan and Mser there may be two similar roots *ɬɨn and *ɬʼɨm. The second of these, which is also given for Mpade, may not be cognate. The Bura word contains the vowel /e/, which is not part of the core phonemic inventory. 1Proto-Daba*ɮɨnsendenvoyer1.1GavarViljoenɮənsendenvoyer1.2DabaLienhardɮə̄nenvoyer2Proto-Mafa*ɮɨnsendenvoyer2.1MafaBarreteauɮiᵑgdenvoyer2.2CuvokGravinaɮərasend (something to someone)envoyer (qqch à qqun)1CuvokGravinaɮar ⁿdasend (someone to do something)envoyer en commission3Proto-Hurza*ɬɨnsendenvoyer3.1MbukoGravinaɬansendenvoyer3.2VameKinnairdɬə́nāsendenvoyer4Proto-Margi*ɬensendenvoyer4.1BuraBlenchɬentaTo send (BR) Preferably hlenta1BuraBlenchhjentaTo send; to cause to go5Proto-Mandara*ɬɨrsendenvoyer5.1MatalBrangermàɬə̀lājsendenvoyer6Proto-Mofu*ɬɨrsendenvoyer6.1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemɬə̄rsendenvoyer6.2MadaNkoumoumaɬlaenvoyer en mission6.3MolokoFriesenɬarsendenvoyer6.4ZulgoHallerɬə́renvoyer, déléguer6.5GemzekSabataimeɬəresend (something to someone)envoyer (qqch à qqun)6.6MereyGravinaɬərsendenvoyer6.7DugworJubumnaməɬərejsend (someone to do something)envoyer en commission6.8Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬərenvoyer qqn, charger d'une commission, commissionner, rendre service7Proto-Maroua*ɬɨnsendenvoyer7.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬinenvoyer7.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬəŋnesend (someone to do something)envoyer en commission8Proto-Kotoko North*tsʼamsendenvoyer8.1MpadeAllisontʃʼàmsend (s.o. to do sth.)envoyer en commission9Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬɨnsendenvoyer9.1LagwanAllisonɬɨ (ni)send (s.o. to do sth.)envoyer en commission1LagwanAllisonɬʼɨmwun; ɬʼɨmsend (s.o. to do sth.)envoyer en commission9.2MserAllisonsɨn (bɨlam)send (s.o. to do sth.)envoyer en commission1MserAllisonsʼam (ni)send (sth. to s.o.)envoyer (qqch à qqn)10Proto-Kotoko South*sɨnesendenvoyer10.1MazeraAllisonsɨnesend (sth. to s.o.)envoyer (qqch à qqn)1MazeraAllisonsɨnesend (s.o. to do sth.)envoyer en commission11Proto-Musgum*ɬɨnɨ ʸsendenvoyer11.1MulwiTourneuxɬinienvoyer12Proto-Gidar*ɬɨnasendenvoyer12.1GidarHungerfordwəɬənaenvoyer
ɬinɨnf., v.worktravail1134A
*ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, and here that is the case in Proto-Daba and Proto-Sukur. However, in the Tera group we expect /ɮ/ but find /ɬ/, and in the Bata group we expect /ɮ/ in Tsuvan and /l/ in the other languages cited, but find /ɬ/ in all languages except Bata. The *n has the regular reflex *r in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group, and here also in the Giziga languages, borrowed from Mofu-Gudur. *i is reconstructed based on its presence in Proto-Bata, Proto-Margi, Proto-Mandara and Proto-Higi. In most other groups *i is no longer contrastive.1Proto-Bata*ɬinɨworktravail1.1BataBoydlèntowork1.2GudeHoskinsonɬənəwork1GudeHoskinsonɬə̀ná -əwork1.3JimiDjibiɬinənTravail, travailler ;1.4SharwaGravinaɬəntravail1.5TsuvanJohnstonɬinikənle travail2Proto-Daba*ɮɨnworktravail2.1BuwalViljoenɮɑnwork (n)travail2.2GavarViljoenɮənwork (n)travail3Proto-Tera*ɬɨnaworktravail3.1TeraNewmanɬənawork3.2NyimatliHarleyɬu̱nawork (n)4Proto-Sukur*ɮɨnworktravail4.1SukurDavidɮənwork4.2SukurThomasɮənwork5Proto-Hurza*ɬɨnaworktravail5.1MbukoGravinaaɬantravail5.2VameKinnairdɬə̄ráworktravail6Proto-Margi*ɬirworktravail6.1BuraBlenchkiɬirWork6.2MargiHoffmanɬərwork6.3KilbaSchuhɬəra//work7Proto-Mandara*ɬɨriworktravail7.1MatalBrangerɬᵊ̄rājworktravail7.2PodokoSwackhammerɬərátravailler, cultiver1PodokoSwackhammerɬəra,-itravail7.3MalgwaLöhrthlərawork7.4GlavdaNghagyivaɬɾawork (n)1GlavdaOwensłəwork7.5DghwedeFrickɬərawork8Proto-Mofu*ɬɨrworktravail8.1OuldemeKinnairdàɬə̀rworktravail8.2MolokoFriesenɬəreleworktravail8.3GemzekSabataiməɬerwork (n)travail8.4MereyGravinaməɬerwork (n)travail8.5DugworJubumnaməɬerwork (n)travail8.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬəratravail9Proto-Maroua*ɬɨraworktravail9.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬra, ɬratravail1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬratravail9.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬirawork (n)travail10Proto-Lamang*ɬɨnaworktravail10.1HdiBramlettɬənaworkle travail11Proto-Higi*ɬinɨworktravail11.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleyɬə́nə́Work11.2Kamwe-FutuHarleyɬinəwork11.3KiryaBlenchɬə́nə́work, duty11.4PsikyeAngeloɬə́nə́work11.5BanaLienhardɬə́nítravail, travailler
ɬiranum.sixsix23Csynkɨwahmarkɨɗ ʸvɨnahkɨr
This is one of several roots for 'six', and is found only in the Musgum and Gidar groups. The vowel *i is tentatively reconstructed, but without great confidence.1Proto-Musgum*ɬirasixsix1.1VulumTourneuxɬaarasix1.2MbaraTourneuxɬirasix2Proto-Gidar*ɬɨra ʸsixsix2.1GidarSchuhɬəresix2.2GidarHungerfordɬresix, 6
ɬɨrɨginf.rootracine1131C
This root presents some difficulties in its reconstruction. The *ɬ is expected to have the reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, but this is not the case in any of the South groups (Bata, Daba, Mafa, Sukur). In the Bata group, there should also have been a subsequent change *ɮ→l in most languages, and this has not taken place. However, the regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch has taken place with a good degree of consistency. The *g has the unestablished reflexes /k/, /h/, /ᵑg/, /ŋ/ and /j/. In the Daba, Mafa and Maroua groups, and in some Mofu group languages, there is reduplication of the *ɬ. This is normally a sign that an initial consonant such as *h has been lost, but there is no direct evidence for such an initial consonant.1Proto-Bata*ɬɨrɨgirootracine1.1GudeHoskinsonlhə́rə̀gínəroot(s)1.2JimiDjibiɬərəginRacines1.3SharwaGravinaɬjərjəgiracine1.4TsuvanJohnstonɬerela racine2Proto-Daba*ɬaɬalajrootracine2.1BuwalViljoenɬɑɬɑlɑjrootracine3Proto-Mafa*ɬaɬarajrootracine3.1CuvokGravinaɬaɬalajrootracine4Proto-Sukur*ɬɨjrootracine4.1SukurDavidɬiroot4.2SukurThomasɬəiroot:- the part of a plant that grows under the ground and absorbs water and minerals that is send to the rest of the plant.5Proto-Hurza*ɬɨlɨkajrootracine5.1MbukoGravinaɬəlajrootracine5.2VameKinnairdɬə̄lkērootracine6Proto-Mandara*ɬalɨhrootracine6.1MatalBrangerɬⁱ̄lɪ̀hrootracine6.2MandaraFluckigerɬalweracine (f)6.3MalgwaLöhrthlalaweroot6.4GlavdaNghagyiva ɬàlījaroot6.5DghwedeFrickɬəlaroot7Proto-Mofu*ɬɨlajrootracine7.1OuldemeKinnairdɬìkìlìrootracine7.2MolokoFriesenɬəlajrootracine7.3ZulgoHallerɮíléracine f.7.4GemzekSabataiɮəleracine7.5MereyGravinaɮəlajrootracine7.6DugworJubumnaɮəɮəlajrootracine7.7Mofu NorthBarreteauɬə́fájrootracine7.8Mofu-GudurHollingsworthɬaɬalajracine ; (sens fig.) fils, richesse8Proto-Maroua*ɬaɬalakirootracine8.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanɬaɬalak(a) daᵐbaɬa (Mj)racine d'arbre, remède (Mv: slaslak= dambasla: écorce de racine, racine. Mj slaslalak= racine d'un arbre sec8.2Giziga MarvaHamidouɬaɬalakrootracine8.3MbazlaTourneuxʃilki, tʃelkiracine1MbazlaSILSurveyhìlíkiʼrootracine9Proto-Lamang*ɬɨrɨŋrootracine9.1HdiBramlettɬərəŋrootla racine10Proto-Higi*ɬɨlɨᵑgɨrootracine10.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleythlərənaroot1Kamwe-NkafaHarleythərnaroot10.2KiryaBlenchɬìrᵑgároot10.3PsikyeAngeloɬúgúroot10.4BanaLienhardxjílílìŋ(ə)racine11Proto-Gidar*ɬalwajarootracine11.1GidarHungerfordɬalwajaracine
ɬɨwɨɗ ʸnm.meatviande1643A
This is one of the most widely attested roots. The initial *ɬ has the regular reflex *ɮ in the South sub-branch, and the other reflexes are regular. The palatalisation prosody is present in many of the groups. In some groups it has combined with *ɗ, resulting in *j. In Mandara and Malgwa the *ɬ has been palatised and then moved to the velar position, resulting *hʲ, which is a regular process. In Matal and Podoko the *w and *d have fused, resulting in /ɓ/, and in Hdi the same phonemes have resulted in /ʔʷ/. These are both common sporadic processes.1Proto-Bata*ɮɨwɨ ʸmeatviande1.1GudeHoskinsonlə̀wá -əmeat, wild animal1.2JimiDjibiliwənViande1.3SharwaGravinaliwəViande1.4TsuvanJohnstonɮiwela viande2Proto-Daba*ɮɨj ʸmeatviande2.1BuwalViljoenɮejfleshchair1BuwalViljoenɮejmeatviande2.2GavarViljoenɮimeatviande1GavarViljoenɮifleshchair2.3MbudumNdokobaïɮimeatviande3Proto-Mafa*ɮɨwaɗ ʸmeatviande3.1MafaNdokobaiɮuweɗmeatviande 1MafaBarreteauɮúwéɗviande3.2CuvokGravinaɬawmeatviande4Proto-Tera*ɮumeatviande4.1TeraNewmanɮumeat4.2NyimatliHarleyɮumeat5Proto-Sukur*ɮɨwɨɗ ʸmeatviande5.1SukurDavidɬuwijmeat5.2SukurThomasɮuimeat; is the general term for meat; the flesh of an animals or a birds eating as food.6Proto-Hurza*ɬɨwaɗ ʸmeatviande6.1MbukoGravinaɬuweɗmeatviande6.2VameKinnairdɬūwémeatviande7Proto-Mandara*ɬɨwɨɗ ʸmeatviande7.1MatalBrangerɬəbmeatviande7.2PodokoSwackhammerɬəɓa,-əviande7.3MandaraFluckigerhjuaviande (f)7.4MalgwaLöhrhjuwameat, flesh7.5GlavdaNghagyivaɬùwameat1GlavdaOwensłmeat8Proto-Mofu*ɬɨwmeatviande8.1OuldemeKinnairdɬūmeatviande8.2MuyangSmithɑɬuflesh ; meatviande; chaire8.3MadaNkoumouosɬoviande8.4ZulgoHallerɬúviande f.8.5GemzekSabataiɬomeatviande8.6MereyGravinaɬawviande1MereyGravinaɮawmeatviande2MereyGravinaɬoviande8.7DugworJubumnaɬawmeatviande8.8Mofu NorthBarreteauɬàwviande8.9Mofu-GudurHollingsworthaɬawmeatviande, chair animale (viande ou poisson)9Proto-Lamang*ɬɨʔʷimeatviande9.1LamangWolffɬùwmeat9.2HdiBramlettɬuʼimeatla viande10Proto-Higi*ɬɨjmeatviande10.1Kamwe-FutuHarleyɬjimeat; flesh10.2KiryaBlenchɬèmeat10.3PsikyeAngeloɬimeat11Proto-Kotoko Island*humeatviande11.1BudumaMcKonexùmeatviande12Proto-Kotoko North*ɬɨwmeatviande12.1MpadeAllisonʃúmeatviande12.2MalgbeAllisonɬumeatviande13Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɬɨwmeatviande13.1LagwanAllisonɬumeatviande13.2MserAllisonsumeatviande14Proto-Kotoko South*asumeatviande14.1ZinaOddenàsúmeatviande15Proto-Musgum*ɬɨwɨtmeatviande15.1VulumTourneuxɬukviande15.2MbaraTourneuxɬukmeat15.3MuskumTourneuxɬuwutviande16Proto-Gidar*ɬɨwɨmeatviande16.1GidarSchuhɬuwa/0viande16.2GidarHungerfordɬuwaviande