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g


gaᵑgan.small drumpetit tambour1630Acfdaŋ
This is a widespread shared root that does not go back to proto-Central Chadic. It spread with the introduction of the instrument in question.
1Proto-Bata*gaᵑgadrumtambour1.1GudeHoskinsongàᵑgádrum1.2SharwaGravinagaᵑgatamtam, tambour2Proto-Daba*kaᵑgaŋmedium-sized drumtambour moyen2.1BuwalViljoenkɑᵑgɑŋdrum, medium sizedtambour moyen3Proto-Mafa*gaᵑgasmall two-skinned drumpetit tambour à deux peaux3.1MafaBarreteaugaᵑgatambour à deux peaux3.2CuvokGravinagaᵑgaŋsmall drumpetit tambour4Proto-Tera*gʷɨgaŋbig drumgrand tambour4.1NyimatliHarleygugaᵑgbig(gest) drum5Proto-Hurza*gaᵑgadrumtam-tam5.1MbukoGravinagaᵑgandrumtam-tam5.2VameKinnairdgàŋkàdrum ; tom tomtam-tam6Proto-Margi*gaᵑgadrumtambour6.1BuraBlenchgaᵑgaDrum Generic term for any drum Also applied specifically to the two-headed, barrel-shaped drum with snares beaten with a hooked stick and hand6.2MargiHoffmankaᵑgadrum7Proto-Mandara*gaᵑgadrumtambour7.1PodokoSwackhammergáŋəkatam-tam7.2MandaraFluckigergaᵑgatamtam (m)7.3MalgwaLöhrgaᵑgadrum gen.7.4GlavdaOwensgaŋdrum8Proto-Mofu*gaᵑgaŋdrumtambout8.1MuyangSmithɡɑŋ-ɡɑŋdrumtambour, tam-tam (mot général)8.2MolokoFriesengəᵑgandrumtambour8.3GemzekSabataigaŋaŋsmall drumpetit tambour1GemzekSabataigagaŋtamtam8.4MereyGravinagaᵑgaŋsmall drumpetit tambour, tam-tam1MereyGravinagaŋaŋtam-tam8.5Mofu NorthBarreteaugàᵑgàŋtambour8.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́gaᵑgaŋtambour 9Proto-Maroua*gaᵑgaŋmedium drumtambour moyen9.1Giziga MarvaHamidougaᵑgaŋmedium drumtambour moyen10Proto-Lamang*gaᵑgadrumtambour10.1LamangWolffgaᵑgadrum11Proto-Higi*gaᵑgasmall drumpetit tambour11.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleygaᵑgadrum11.2Kamwe-FutuHarleygaᵑgasmall(est) drum12Proto-Kotoko Island*gaᵑgasmall drumpetit tambour12.1BudumaMcKonegaᵑgatamtam.13Proto-Kotoko North*gaᵑgadrumtambour13.1AfadeAllisongaᵑgandrum (sp.)tambour (sp.)13.2MpadeAllisonkàᵑgádrum (sp.)tambour (sp.)14Proto-Kotoko Centre*gaᵑgasmall drumpetit tambour14.1LagwanAllisongaᵑgasmall drumpetit tambour15Proto-Musgum*gaᵑgadrumtambour15.1MbaraTourneuxgaᵑgadrum (sp.)tambour d'aisselle16Proto-Gidar*gaᵑgasmall drumpetit tambour16.1GidarHungerfordgaᵑgatam-tam, tamtam, tambour17Kanurigaᵑgásmall drumpetit tambour17.1Kanurigaᵑgádrum (sp.)tambour (sp.)18Hausagàᵑgáasmall drumpetit tambour18.1Hausagàᵑgáadrum (sp.)tambour (sp.)
gɨrv.growgrandir1232A
The basic meaning is to grow with age, as a child does. It can also be used in many languages for rearing livestock. The *r has the reflex *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, and also Proto-Daba. The *g has the reflex *ɣ in Proto-Hurza, and *k in Proto-Margi and Proto-Higi. These are unestablished changes.
1Proto-Bata*gɨrgrowgrandir1.1GudeHoskinsongərəgrow, mature, become tall.1.2JimiDjibigərənGrandir ;1.3TsuvanJohnstona gəlkəngrandir2Proto-Daba*gɨlgrowgrandir2.1BuwalViljoengɑlgrow upgrandir1BuwalViljoengɑlraiseélever2BuwalViljoenᵑgɑlgrow olddevenir vieux3BuwalViljoengɑ̀l ᵐbòbring up (a child)élever (un enfant)2.2GavarViljoengəlgrow upgrandir1GavarViljoengəlenlargenagrandir2GavarViljoengəlraiseélever3GavarViljoengəldomesticate, tamedomestiquer, apprivoiser2.3MbudumNdokobaïɡəlgrow upgrandir1MbudumNdokobaïkəɡilbring up (a child)élever (un enfant)2.4DabaLienhardgə̄lgrandir, croître ; élever1DabaLienhardgə̀làprotèger ; élever3Proto-Mafa*gɨragrowgrandir3.1CuvokGravinagəlagrow upgrandir1CuvokGravinagal ⁿdabring up (a child)élever (un enfant)4Proto-Tera*gorgrowgrandir4.1NyimatliHarleygorigrow up1NyimatliHarleygorgrow (of plants)5Proto-Sukur*gɨrgrowgrandir5.1SukurThomasgərgrow; to increase in size, to become bigger or taller and develop into an adult, to become longer by not cutting it.6Proto-Hurza*ɣɨragrowgrandir6.1MbukoGravinaharto grow biggergrandir6.2VameKinnairdɣə̀ràgrow ; increasegrandir ; croître1VameKinnairdgə̀ràraise cattle ; rear cattleélever_le_bétail2VameKinnairdɣàlàgrow old ; agevieillir7Proto-Margi*kilagrowgrandir7.1BuraBlenchkilaTo grow8Proto-Mandara*gɨlagrowgrandir8.1PodokoSwackhammergə́lagrandir8.2MandaraFluckigergélánourrir, élever9Proto-Mofu*gɨlgrowgrandir9.1OuldemeKinnairdgə̄léŋraise animalséléver le bétail ; nourrir9.2MuyangSmithɡɑlbring up ; feedélever9.3MadaNkoumoumaglacoaguler1MadaNkoumoumaglaéléver9.4MolokoFriesengargrow upgrandir; grossir9.5ZulgoHallergə̀l bádevenir grand, grandir, grossir9.6GemzekSabataigəlgrow upgrandir1GemzekSabataimegəleéléver9.7MereyGravinagəlgrow upgrandir9.8DugworJubumnaməgəlejgrow upgrandir1DugworJubumnaməgəlejbring up (a child)élever (un enfant)9.9Mofu NorthBarreteaumégə̀lèjgrandir, pousser, élever9.10Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́gəlraisegrandir, pousser, élever (un enfant, un animal)1Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́gəl(fig.) devenir grave, aggraver 10Proto-Maroua*gɨlgrowgrandir10.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielangilgrandir, faire grandir, élever, engraisser10.2Giziga MarvaHamidougəlgrow upgrandir1Giziga MarvaHamidougla goɗbring up (a child)élever (un enfant)11Proto-Lamang*gɨlagrowgrandir11.1LamangWolffglagrow11.2HdiBramlettgalajto raiseélever1HdiBramlettgəlajto growgrandir2HdiBramletthalajto grow oldvieillir12Proto-Higi*kɨlgrowgrandir12.1Kamwe-FutuHarleykəlogrow (of plants)12.2KiryaBlenchkə̀lnurse, grow12.3BanaLienhardk(ə̀)lìgrandir, croître, faire grandir, augmenter les paroles, élever les animaux
gɨwɨnn.elephantéléphant27Dsyndzɨwɨn ʸᵐbɨlala ʸnɨvi
This root is only found in two groups, and it is not possible to be certain that the forms in the two groups are indeed cognate. The final *n in the Mandara group is surprising, as Proto-Central Chadic *n has the reflex *r in word-final position in this group.
1Proto-Mandara*gɨwɨnelephantéléphant1.1MatalBrangergawanelephantéléphant1.2PodokoSwackhammergʷíhana,-əéléphant1.3MandaraFluckigergúééléphant (m)1.4MalgwaLöhrguweelephant1.5GlavdaNghagyivagùnaelephant2Proto-Kotoko South*gʷagʷeelephantéléphant2.1ZinaOddengʷàgʷielephantéléphant2.2MazeraAllisongʷagʷeelephantéléphant
gɨʔʷn.holetrou411Csynvɨgɨɗ ʸ
This root is found in the Nigerian Plains area. It is reconstructed with *ʔʷ, though this phoneme is not reconstructed for Proto-Central Chadic. As such it represents a provisional reconstruction until more data is available. The *g has the reflex *k in Proto-Margi and Proto-Higi, both of which are unestablished changes.
1Proto-Bata*gɨʔʷholetrou1.1BataBoydgʷehole1.2JimiDjibiguʼunLe trou1.3SharwaGravinagʷəʼətrou2Proto-Tera*gʷaholetrou2.1TeraNewmangʷahole1TeraNewmangʷaobtain2.2NyimatliHarleygʷaden, lair, hole1NyimatliHarleygehole3Proto-Margi*kaʔʷholetrou3.1BuraBlenchkuHole in the ground3.2Margi SouthHarleykàuhole3.3KilbaSchuhkaʼuhole4Proto-Higi*kɨʔʷholetrou4.1Kamwe-FutuHarleyhole; nest4.2KiryaBlenchɣàwhole4.3BanaLienhardkə́ʼútrou san issue
gʷavannm.spitting cobracobra cracheur614A
This root is attested in the Mandara Mountains area. The labialisation of *gʷ has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Daba and Proto-Maroua. The final *n is [ŋ] in almost all languages, most of which have this change as a regular feature. However in the Mofu group languages, word-final *n should have the reflex *r. This implies that the root has been borrowed into the Mofu group.
1Proto-Daba*gavan ʷcobracobra1.1MbudumNdokobaïɡovoŋspitting cobracobra1.2DabaLienhardgòvòmnaja (espèce de serpent noir qui jette la salive)2Proto-Mafa*gʷɨvancobracobra2.1CuvokGravinaguvaŋspitting cobracobra3Proto-Hurza*gʷavancobracobra3.1MbukoGravinagulguvoncobracobra crachant3.2VameKinnairdgàvàŋ fìgècobracobra4Proto-Mofu*gʷavaŋcobracobra4.1OuldemeKinnairdgàvàŋserpent sp.; serpent gris foncé, long, vénimeux4.2MuyangSmithɡɑvɑŋBlack-Necked Spitting Cobra, or any large snakecobra (ou tout grand serpent)4.3ZulgoHallergàvàŋserpent m. sp.4.4GemzekSabataigavaŋspitting cobracobra4.5DugworJubumnagolgavan j fətaŋspitting cobracobra4.6Mofu NorthBarreteaugʷáváŋserpent (nom gén.)4.7Mofu-GudurHollingsworthgʷávaŋʷnaja (serpent)5Proto-Maroua*gavan ʷcobracobra5.1Giziga MarvaHamidougovonspitting cobracobra6Proto-Higi*gʷavaŋcobracobra6.1BanaLienhardgʷávàŋesp de serpent, noir, habite près des marigots, aggressif, mais sans vénin
gʷɨɗɨɮnm.belchéructer1123Crel. tohʷɨɗɨɬ ʸ
This root is very difficult to reconstruct. The most secure part of the root is the *ɮ, which is present in all reflexes, though it is devoiced in Proto-Kotoko North. The voiced fricatives *z and *v are devoiced in Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum, so this may be part of a general devoicing of fricatives. In many languages there is a glottal element, and in many there is a voiced velar. In Mbudum and Giziga Moutourwa there is evidence for three consonants in the root. The initial consonant is reconstructed as *gʷ. The labialisation is retained in Mafa, Bura and Margi, and is vocalised in Hdi. The *g is retained in Mbudum, Mafa, Matal, Glavda, Ouldeme and Mada. In Hdi it has become /ŋ/, and in Giziga Moutourwa it has become /ʔ/. These are unestablished changes. In the Margi group the *gʷ and *ɗ have merged, creating /ɓʷ/ and /ʔʷ/, which is a common sporadic process. The *ɗ is retained in several languages, and in Mbudum, Gemzek, Merey and Giziga Moutourwa it has the reflex /r/, which is an unestablished change. In Kotoko North is has fused with *ɬ to create the ejective *ɬʼ. As one might expect, the root for 'belch' is the voiced equivalent of the root for 'cough'.
1Proto-Daba*gɨɗɨɮbelchéructer1.1BuwalViljoenɗɑɮbelchéructer, rôter1.2MbudumNdokobaïŋɡəɾɮbelchéructer, rôter2Proto-Mafa*gʷɨɗɨɮabelchéructer2.1MafaBarreteauguɮarôter2.2CuvokGravinaɗaɮabelchéructer, rôter3Proto-Hurza*ɗɨɮabelchéructer3.1MbukoGravinaɗəɮeto belchroter3.2VameKinnaird̀ɮànáŋàbelchéructer4Proto-Margi*ɮaɠʷibelchéructer4.1BuraBlenchɮàɓʷìTo belch4.2MargiHoffmanɮaʼwito belch5Proto-Mandara*gɨɮabelchéructer5.1Matalmàɡɮájbelchéructer5.2MalgwaLöhriidhlaburp5.3GlavdaNghagyivagɨ̀ɮᵊgabelch6Proto-Mofu*gɨɗɨɮbelchéructer6.1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemgə̀ɮàjburpéructer ; rôter6.2MadaNkoumoumeᵑgɮeaéructer, rôter6.3ZulgoHallerɮeɮeroter6.4GemzekSabataimereɮebelchéructer, rôter6.5MereyGravinaraɬbelchéructer, rôter6.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́ɗəɮéructer7Proto-Maroua*ʔɨrɮɨʔɨ ʸbelchéructer7.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanʼirɮiʼiroter8Proto-Lamang*ŋɨɮubelchéructer8.1HdiBramlettŋəɮuto belch, to burpéructer, roter9Proto-Higi*ɮibelchéructer9.1BanaLienhardɮíéructer, rôter10Proto-Kotoko North*ɬʼabelchéructer10.1AfadeAllisonɬʼe; ɬʼaunbelchéructer, rôter10.2MpadeAllisonlà msʼòbelchéructer, rôter1MpadeAllisonmsʼòburprot11Proto-Kotoko Centre*iɬibelchéructer11.1LagwanAllisongel iɬibelchéructer, rôter
gʷɨlan.leftgauche817Asynɮaɓaj
This root is unusual in that it is reconstructed with *l, although this phoneme is not reconstructed for Proto-Central Chadic. There was a change *r to *l in the North sub-branch, which introduced the phoneme in those languages. However, here we have *l in the reconstructions for Proto-Daba, Proto-Mafa and Proto-Hurza, which are not in the North sub-branch. It is possible that this root spread from the North sub-branch to other languages. In Malgbe the labialisation has been lost from *gʷ, and in Lagwan it has the reflex /ɣ/, which is an unestablished change.
1Proto-Daba*gʷɨlaleftgauche1.1BuwalViljoenɑ̄tɑ̄ rɑ̄ ɡʷʊ̀lɑ̀left (direction)() gauche1.2MbudumNdokobaïabəɡulaleft (direction)(à) gauche2Proto-Mafa*gʷɨlaleftgauche2.1MafaBarreteaugúlágauche2.2CuvokGravinaha ta gulaleft (direction)(à) gauche3Proto-Hurza*gʷɨlaleftgauche3.1MbukoGravinagulaleftgauche1MbukoGravinaalaj gulagauche4Proto-Mofu*gʷɨlaleftgauche4.1MolokoFriesengəloleftgauche1MolokoFriesengəlomiserablemisérable4.2ZulgoHallerⁿdá ahə́r gùlaà gauche4.3GemzekSabataii ahər gulaleft (direction)(à) gauche4.4MereyGravinagulagauche4.5DugworJubumnagulaleft (direction)(à) gauche4.6Mofu NorthBarreteauhār gùlámain gauche4.7Mofu-GudurHollingsworthhár-gula(main) gauche1Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́gulagauche5Proto-Maroua*gʷɨlaleftgauche5.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielangulagauche5.2Giziga MarvaHamidouhaŋ gulaleft (direction)(à) gauche6Proto-Higi*gʷɨlaleftgauche6.1PsikyeAngelogʷəláleft7Proto-Kotoko North*gelileftgauche7.1MalgbeAllisona ɬe gelileft (direction)(à) gauche8Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɣɨlanleftgauche8.1LagwanAllisonɣɨlanleft (direction)(à) gauche
gʷɨvɨhnm.fieldchamp827Asynɣʷɨrrajsɨka
The basic meaning is the land where millet is cultivated. Apart from Gude, this root is not found in languages of the South sub-branch. The initial *gʷ has reduced to *w in Proto-Lamang and Proto-Higi, an unestablished change. In Proto-Bata and Proto-Margi, the same process resulted in a detached labialisation component, which attached to the *v in Proto-Bata and the *h in Proto-Margi, resulting in *kʷ. In Proto-Margi, *v has the regular reflex *f. The final *h has also been lost in several languages.
1Proto-Bata*vʷɨfieldchamp1.1GudeHoskinsonùuzànvʷá -əcommunal farming2Proto-Hurza*gʷɨvɨhfieldchamp2.1MbukoGravinaguvofieldchamp2.2VameKinnairdkùvàkfield ; farmchamp ; ferme3Proto-Margi*fakʷfieldchamp3.1BuraBlenchfakuFarm; field; garden3.2MargiHoffmanfafarm3.3Margi SouthHarleyfafarm3.4KilbaSchuhfafarm4Proto-Mandara*gʷɨvɨhfieldchamp4.1MatalBrangergʷəf // guffieldchamp4.2PodokoSwackhammervə́hʷa,-uchamp4.3MandaraFluckigerchamp (m)4.4MalgwaLöhrukfefarm1MalgwaLöhrfefarm4.5GlavdaOwensgiffield, place on farm where grain gathered1GlavdaOwensgʷufarm2GlavdaOwensgʷufarm3GlavdaOwensvaavafield, place5Proto-Mofu*gʷɨvɨhfieldchamp5.1OuldemeKinnairdāvùhʷfieldchamp5.2MadaNkoumouwvahchamps5.3MolokoFriesengəvahfieldchamp5.4ZulgoHallergùvàhchamp (m.) cultivé5.5GemzekSabataiguvahfieldschamps5.6MereyGravinaguvahchamp1MereyGravinaguvahchamp5.7DugworJubumnaguvafieldschamps6Proto-Maroua*gʷɨvafieldchamp6.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanguvachamp6.2Giziga MarvaHamidouguvafieldschamps7Proto-Lamang*wɨvahfieldchamp7.1LamangWolffúvàhafield, farm7.2HdiBramlettvwahfieldle champ8Proto-Higi*wɨvɨhɨfieldchamp8.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleyvʷə1. farm. 2.friend.8.2KiryaBlenchnvʷə̀kə́farm1KiryaBlenchnvə̀kə́farm8.3PsikyeAngelowuvəfarm, (field)8.4BanaLienhardvə̀xə́champ


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g


gaᵑgan.small drumpetit tambour1630Acfdaŋ
This is a widespread shared root that does not go back to proto-Central Chadic. It spread with the introduction of the instrument in question.
1Proto-Bata*gaᵑgadrumtambour1.1GudeHoskinsongàᵑgádrum1.2SharwaGravinagaᵑgatamtam, tambour2Proto-Daba*kaᵑgaŋmedium-sized drumtambour moyen2.1BuwalViljoenkɑᵑgɑŋdrum, medium sizedtambour moyen3Proto-Mafa*gaᵑgasmall two-skinned drumpetit tambour à deux peaux3.1MafaBarreteaugaᵑgatambour à deux peaux3.2CuvokGravinagaᵑgaŋsmall drumpetit tambour4Proto-Tera*gʷɨgaŋbig drumgrand tambour4.1NyimatliHarleygugaᵑgbig(gest) drum5Proto-Hurza*gaᵑgadrumtam-tam5.1MbukoGravinagaᵑgandrumtam-tam5.2VameKinnairdgàŋkàdrum ; tom tomtam-tam6Proto-Margi*gaᵑgadrumtambour6.1BuraBlenchgaᵑgaDrum Generic term for any drum Also applied specifically to the two-headed, barrel-shaped drum with snares beaten with a hooked stick and hand6.2MargiHoffmankaᵑgadrum7Proto-Mandara*gaᵑgadrumtambour7.1PodokoSwackhammergáŋəkatam-tam7.2MandaraFluckigergaᵑgatamtam (m)7.3MalgwaLöhrgaᵑgadrum gen.7.4GlavdaOwensgaŋdrum8Proto-Mofu*gaᵑgaŋdrumtambout8.1MuyangSmithɡɑŋ-ɡɑŋdrumtambour, tam-tam (mot général)8.2MolokoFriesengəᵑgandrumtambour8.3GemzekSabataigaŋaŋsmall drumpetit tambour1GemzekSabataigagaŋtamtam8.4MereyGravinagaᵑgaŋsmall drumpetit tambour, tam-tam1MereyGravinagaŋaŋtam-tam8.5Mofu NorthBarreteaugàᵑgàŋtambour8.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́gaᵑgaŋtambour 9Proto-Maroua*gaᵑgaŋmedium drumtambour moyen9.1Giziga MarvaHamidougaᵑgaŋmedium drumtambour moyen10Proto-Lamang*gaᵑgadrumtambour10.1LamangWolffgaᵑgadrum11Proto-Higi*gaᵑgasmall drumpetit tambour11.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleygaᵑgadrum11.2Kamwe-FutuHarleygaᵑgasmall(est) drum12Proto-Kotoko Island*gaᵑgasmall drumpetit tambour12.1BudumaMcKonegaᵑgatamtam.13Proto-Kotoko North*gaᵑgadrumtambour13.1AfadeAllisongaᵑgandrum (sp.)tambour (sp.)13.2MpadeAllisonkàᵑgádrum (sp.)tambour (sp.)14Proto-Kotoko Centre*gaᵑgasmall drumpetit tambour14.1LagwanAllisongaᵑgasmall drumpetit tambour15Proto-Musgum*gaᵑgadrumtambour15.1MbaraTourneuxgaᵑgadrum (sp.)tambour d'aisselle16Proto-Gidar*gaᵑgasmall drumpetit tambour16.1GidarHungerfordgaᵑgatam-tam, tamtam, tambour17Kanurigaᵑgásmall drumpetit tambour17.1Kanurigaᵑgádrum (sp.)tambour (sp.)18Hausagàᵑgáasmall drumpetit tambour18.1Hausagàᵑgáadrum (sp.)tambour (sp.)
gɨrv.growgrandir1232A
The basic meaning is to grow with age, as a child does. It can also be used in many languages for rearing livestock. The *r has the reflex *l in the groups of the North sub-branch, and also Proto-Daba. The *g has the reflex *ɣ in Proto-Hurza, and *k in Proto-Margi and Proto-Higi. These are unestablished changes.
1Proto-Bata*gɨrgrowgrandir1.1GudeHoskinsongərəgrow, mature, become tall.1.2JimiDjibigərənGrandir ;1.3TsuvanJohnstona gəlkəngrandir2Proto-Daba*gɨlgrowgrandir2.1BuwalViljoengɑlgrow upgrandir1BuwalViljoengɑlraiseélever2BuwalViljoenᵑgɑlgrow olddevenir vieux3BuwalViljoengɑ̀l ᵐbòbring up (a child)élever (un enfant)2.2GavarViljoengəlgrow upgrandir1GavarViljoengəlenlargenagrandir2GavarViljoengəlraiseélever3GavarViljoengəldomesticate, tamedomestiquer, apprivoiser2.3MbudumNdokobaïɡəlgrow upgrandir1MbudumNdokobaïkəɡilbring up (a child)élever (un enfant)2.4DabaLienhardgə̄lgrandir, croître ; élever1DabaLienhardgə̀làprotèger ; élever3Proto-Mafa*gɨragrowgrandir3.1CuvokGravinagəlagrow upgrandir1CuvokGravinagal ⁿdabring up (a child)élever (un enfant)4Proto-Tera*gorgrowgrandir4.1NyimatliHarleygorigrow up1NyimatliHarleygorgrow (of plants)5Proto-Sukur*gɨrgrowgrandir5.1SukurThomasgərgrow; to increase in size, to become bigger or taller and develop into an adult, to become longer by not cutting it.6Proto-Hurza*ɣɨragrowgrandir6.1MbukoGravinaharto grow biggergrandir6.2VameKinnairdɣə̀ràgrow ; increasegrandir ; croître1VameKinnairdgə̀ràraise cattle ; rear cattleélever_le_bétail2VameKinnairdɣàlàgrow old ; agevieillir7Proto-Margi*kilagrowgrandir7.1BuraBlenchkilaTo grow8Proto-Mandara*gɨlagrowgrandir8.1PodokoSwackhammergə́lagrandir8.2MandaraFluckigergélánourrir, élever9Proto-Mofu*gɨlgrowgrandir9.1OuldemeKinnairdgə̄léŋraise animalséléver le bétail ; nourrir9.2MuyangSmithɡɑlbring up ; feedélever9.3MadaNkoumoumaglacoaguler1MadaNkoumoumaglaéléver9.4MolokoFriesengargrow upgrandir; grossir9.5ZulgoHallergə̀l bádevenir grand, grandir, grossir9.6GemzekSabataigəlgrow upgrandir1GemzekSabataimegəleéléver9.7MereyGravinagəlgrow upgrandir9.8DugworJubumnaməgəlejgrow upgrandir1DugworJubumnaməgəlejbring up (a child)élever (un enfant)9.9Mofu NorthBarreteaumégə̀lèjgrandir, pousser, élever9.10Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́gəlraisegrandir, pousser, élever (un enfant, un animal)1Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́gəl(fig.) devenir grave, aggraver 10Proto-Maroua*gɨlgrowgrandir10.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielangilgrandir, faire grandir, élever, engraisser10.2Giziga MarvaHamidougəlgrow upgrandir1Giziga MarvaHamidougla goɗbring up (a child)élever (un enfant)11Proto-Lamang*gɨlagrowgrandir11.1LamangWolffglagrow11.2HdiBramlettgalajto raiseélever1HdiBramlettgəlajto growgrandir2HdiBramletthalajto grow oldvieillir12Proto-Higi*kɨlgrowgrandir12.1Kamwe-FutuHarleykəlogrow (of plants)12.2KiryaBlenchkə̀lnurse, grow12.3BanaLienhardk(ə̀)lìgrandir, croître, faire grandir, augmenter les paroles, élever les animaux
gɨwɨnn.elephantéléphant27Dsyndzɨwɨn ʸᵐbɨlala ʸnɨvi
This root is only found in two groups, and it is not possible to be certain that the forms in the two groups are indeed cognate. The final *n in the Mandara group is surprising, as Proto-Central Chadic *n has the reflex *r in word-final position in this group.
1Proto-Mandara*gɨwɨnelephantéléphant1.1MatalBrangergawanelephantéléphant1.2PodokoSwackhammergʷíhana,-əéléphant1.3MandaraFluckigergúééléphant (m)1.4MalgwaLöhrguweelephant1.5GlavdaNghagyivagùnaelephant2Proto-Kotoko South*gʷagʷeelephantéléphant2.1ZinaOddengʷàgʷielephantéléphant2.2MazeraAllisongʷagʷeelephantéléphant
gɨʔʷn.holetrou411Csynvɨgɨɗ ʸ
This root is found in the Nigerian Plains area. It is reconstructed with *ʔʷ, though this phoneme is not reconstructed for Proto-Central Chadic. As such it represents a provisional reconstruction until more data is available. The *g has the reflex *k in Proto-Margi and Proto-Higi, both of which are unestablished changes.
1Proto-Bata*gɨʔʷholetrou1.1BataBoydgʷehole1.2JimiDjibiguʼunLe trou1.3SharwaGravinagʷəʼətrou2Proto-Tera*gʷaholetrou2.1TeraNewmangʷahole1TeraNewmangʷaobtain2.2NyimatliHarleygʷaden, lair, hole1NyimatliHarleygehole3Proto-Margi*kaʔʷholetrou3.1BuraBlenchkuHole in the ground3.2Margi SouthHarleykàuhole3.3KilbaSchuhkaʼuhole4Proto-Higi*kɨʔʷholetrou4.1Kamwe-FutuHarleyhole; nest4.2KiryaBlenchɣàwhole4.3BanaLienhardkə́ʼútrou san issue
gʷavannm.spitting cobracobra cracheur614A
This root is attested in the Mandara Mountains area. The labialisation of *gʷ has been reanalysed as the labialisation prosody in Proto-Daba and Proto-Maroua. The final *n is [ŋ] in almost all languages, most of which have this change as a regular feature. However in the Mofu group languages, word-final *n should have the reflex *r. This implies that the root has been borrowed into the Mofu group.
1Proto-Daba*gavan ʷcobracobra1.1MbudumNdokobaïɡovoŋspitting cobracobra1.2DabaLienhardgòvòmnaja (espèce de serpent noir qui jette la salive)2Proto-Mafa*gʷɨvancobracobra2.1CuvokGravinaguvaŋspitting cobracobra3Proto-Hurza*gʷavancobracobra3.1MbukoGravinagulguvoncobracobra crachant3.2VameKinnairdgàvàŋ fìgècobracobra4Proto-Mofu*gʷavaŋcobracobra4.1OuldemeKinnairdgàvàŋserpent sp.; serpent gris foncé, long, vénimeux4.2MuyangSmithɡɑvɑŋBlack-Necked Spitting Cobra, or any large snakecobra (ou tout grand serpent)4.3ZulgoHallergàvàŋserpent m. sp.4.4GemzekSabataigavaŋspitting cobracobra4.5DugworJubumnagolgavan j fətaŋspitting cobracobra4.6Mofu NorthBarreteaugʷáváŋserpent (nom gén.)4.7Mofu-GudurHollingsworthgʷávaŋʷnaja (serpent)5Proto-Maroua*gavan ʷcobracobra5.1Giziga MarvaHamidougovonspitting cobracobra6Proto-Higi*gʷavaŋcobracobra6.1BanaLienhardgʷávàŋesp de serpent, noir, habite près des marigots, aggressif, mais sans vénin
gʷɨɗɨɮnm.belchéructer1123Crel. tohʷɨɗɨɬ ʸ
This root is very difficult to reconstruct. The most secure part of the root is the *ɮ, which is present in all reflexes, though it is devoiced in Proto-Kotoko North. The voiced fricatives *z and *v are devoiced in Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum, so this may be part of a general devoicing of fricatives. In many languages there is a glottal element, and in many there is a voiced velar. In Mbudum and Giziga Moutourwa there is evidence for three consonants in the root. The initial consonant is reconstructed as *gʷ. The labialisation is retained in Mafa, Bura and Margi, and is vocalised in Hdi. The *g is retained in Mbudum, Mafa, Matal, Glavda, Ouldeme and Mada. In Hdi it has become /ŋ/, and in Giziga Moutourwa it has become /ʔ/. These are unestablished changes. In the Margi group the *gʷ and *ɗ have merged, creating /ɓʷ/ and /ʔʷ/, which is a common sporadic process. The *ɗ is retained in several languages, and in Mbudum, Gemzek, Merey and Giziga Moutourwa it has the reflex /r/, which is an unestablished change. In Kotoko North is has fused with *ɬ to create the ejective *ɬʼ. As one might expect, the root for 'belch' is the voiced equivalent of the root for 'cough'.
1Proto-Daba*gɨɗɨɮbelchéructer1.1BuwalViljoenɗɑɮbelchéructer, rôter1.2MbudumNdokobaïŋɡəɾɮbelchéructer, rôter2Proto-Mafa*gʷɨɗɨɮabelchéructer2.1MafaBarreteauguɮarôter2.2CuvokGravinaɗaɮabelchéructer, rôter3Proto-Hurza*ɗɨɮabelchéructer3.1MbukoGravinaɗəɮeto belchroter3.2VameKinnaird̀ɮànáŋàbelchéructer4Proto-Margi*ɮaɠʷibelchéructer4.1BuraBlenchɮàɓʷìTo belch4.2MargiHoffmanɮaʼwito belch5Proto-Mandara*gɨɮabelchéructer5.1Matalmàɡɮájbelchéructer5.2MalgwaLöhriidhlaburp5.3GlavdaNghagyivagɨ̀ɮᵊgabelch6Proto-Mofu*gɨɗɨɮbelchéructer6.1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemgə̀ɮàjburpéructer ; rôter6.2MadaNkoumoumeᵑgɮeaéructer, rôter6.3ZulgoHallerɮeɮeroter6.4GemzekSabataimereɮebelchéructer, rôter6.5MereyGravinaraɬbelchéructer, rôter6.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́ɗəɮéructer7Proto-Maroua*ʔɨrɮɨʔɨ ʸbelchéructer7.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanʼirɮiʼiroter8Proto-Lamang*ŋɨɮubelchéructer8.1HdiBramlettŋəɮuto belch, to burpéructer, roter9Proto-Higi*ɮibelchéructer9.1BanaLienhardɮíéructer, rôter10Proto-Kotoko North*ɬʼabelchéructer10.1AfadeAllisonɬʼe; ɬʼaunbelchéructer, rôter10.2MpadeAllisonlà msʼòbelchéructer, rôter1MpadeAllisonmsʼòburprot11Proto-Kotoko Centre*iɬibelchéructer11.1LagwanAllisongel iɬibelchéructer, rôter
gʷɨlan.leftgauche817Asynɮaɓaj
This root is unusual in that it is reconstructed with *l, although this phoneme is not reconstructed for Proto-Central Chadic. There was a change *r to *l in the North sub-branch, which introduced the phoneme in those languages. However, here we have *l in the reconstructions for Proto-Daba, Proto-Mafa and Proto-Hurza, which are not in the North sub-branch. It is possible that this root spread from the North sub-branch to other languages. In Malgbe the labialisation has been lost from *gʷ, and in Lagwan it has the reflex /ɣ/, which is an unestablished change.
1Proto-Daba*gʷɨlaleftgauche1.1BuwalViljoenɑ̄tɑ̄ rɑ̄ ɡʷʊ̀lɑ̀left (direction)() gauche1.2MbudumNdokobaïabəɡulaleft (direction)(à) gauche2Proto-Mafa*gʷɨlaleftgauche2.1MafaBarreteaugúlágauche2.2CuvokGravinaha ta gulaleft (direction)(à) gauche3Proto-Hurza*gʷɨlaleftgauche3.1MbukoGravinagulaleftgauche1MbukoGravinaalaj gulagauche4Proto-Mofu*gʷɨlaleftgauche4.1MolokoFriesengəloleftgauche1MolokoFriesengəlomiserablemisérable4.2ZulgoHallerⁿdá ahə́r gùlaà gauche4.3GemzekSabataii ahər gulaleft (direction)(à) gauche4.4MereyGravinagulagauche4.5DugworJubumnagulaleft (direction)(à) gauche4.6Mofu NorthBarreteauhār gùlámain gauche4.7Mofu-GudurHollingsworthhár-gula(main) gauche1Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́gulagauche5Proto-Maroua*gʷɨlaleftgauche5.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielangulagauche5.2Giziga MarvaHamidouhaŋ gulaleft (direction)(à) gauche6Proto-Higi*gʷɨlaleftgauche6.1PsikyeAngelogʷəláleft7Proto-Kotoko North*gelileftgauche7.1MalgbeAllisona ɬe gelileft (direction)(à) gauche8Proto-Kotoko Centre*ɣɨlanleftgauche8.1LagwanAllisonɣɨlanleft (direction)(à) gauche
gʷɨvɨhnm.fieldchamp827Asynɣʷɨrrajsɨka
The basic meaning is the land where millet is cultivated. Apart from Gude, this root is not found in languages of the South sub-branch. The initial *gʷ has reduced to *w in Proto-Lamang and Proto-Higi, an unestablished change. In Proto-Bata and Proto-Margi, the same process resulted in a detached labialisation component, which attached to the *v in Proto-Bata and the *h in Proto-Margi, resulting in *kʷ. In Proto-Margi, *v has the regular reflex *f. The final *h has also been lost in several languages.
1Proto-Bata*vʷɨfieldchamp1.1GudeHoskinsonùuzànvʷá -əcommunal farming2Proto-Hurza*gʷɨvɨhfieldchamp2.1MbukoGravinaguvofieldchamp2.2VameKinnairdkùvàkfield ; farmchamp ; ferme3Proto-Margi*fakʷfieldchamp3.1BuraBlenchfakuFarm; field; garden3.2MargiHoffmanfafarm3.3Margi SouthHarleyfafarm3.4KilbaSchuhfafarm4Proto-Mandara*gʷɨvɨhfieldchamp4.1MatalBrangergʷəf // guffieldchamp4.2PodokoSwackhammervə́hʷa,-uchamp4.3MandaraFluckigerchamp (m)4.4MalgwaLöhrukfefarm1MalgwaLöhrfefarm4.5GlavdaOwensgiffield, place on farm where grain gathered1GlavdaOwensgʷufarm2GlavdaOwensgʷufarm3GlavdaOwensvaavafield, place5Proto-Mofu*gʷɨvɨhfieldchamp5.1OuldemeKinnairdāvùhʷfieldchamp5.2MadaNkoumouwvahchamps5.3MolokoFriesengəvahfieldchamp5.4ZulgoHallergùvàhchamp (m.) cultivé5.5GemzekSabataiguvahfieldschamps5.6MereyGravinaguvahchamp1MereyGravinaguvahchamp5.7DugworJubumnaguvafieldschamps6Proto-Maroua*gʷɨvafieldchamp6.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanguvachamp6.2Giziga MarvaHamidouguvafieldschamps7Proto-Lamang*wɨvahfieldchamp7.1LamangWolffúvàhafield, farm7.2HdiBramlettvwahfieldle champ8Proto-Higi*wɨvɨhɨfieldchamp8.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleyvʷə1. farm. 2.friend.8.2KiryaBlenchnvʷə̀kə́farm1KiryaBlenchnvə̀kə́farm8.3PsikyeAngelowuvəfarm, (field)8.4BanaLienhardvə̀xə́champ