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n


naɬɨjnm.tonguelangue611Asynɗɨrɨnɨh ʸɣanaɗ ʸ
This is one of three roots for 'tongue', and is found primarily in the eastern part of the Central Chadic area. There is a regular change *ɬ→s in Proto-Kotoko South and Mser, and *ɬ→ʃ in Mpade. The final *j is realised as /i/ in Proto-Kotoko Centre, and as the palatalisation prosody in Proto-Hurza and Proto-Mofu, which are common sporadic processes.1Proto-Hurza*mɨnaɬ ʸtonguelangue1.1MbukoGravinamireɬtonguelangue (de la bouche)1.2VameKinnairdmə̄néɬtonguelangue (partie de la bouche)2Proto-Mofuhɨrnaɬ ʸtonguelangue2.1DugworJubumnahərneɬlanguagelangue, langage3Proto-Kotoko North*enɬitonguelangue3.1AfadeAllisonenɬitonguelangue3.2MpadeAllisonènʃìtonguelangue3.3MalgbeAllisonenɬɨtonguelangue4Proto-Kotoko Centre*enɬitonguelangue4.1LagwanAllisonnɬitonguelangue4.2MserAllisonensi; enʃitonguelangue5Proto-Kotoko South*nɨsatonguelangue5.1ZinaOddenànisə̀tonguelangue5.2MazeraAllisonɨnsatonguelangue6Proto-Musgum*naɬajtonguelangue6.1MbaraTourneuxnaɬajtongue
nɨɣv.to seevoir719A
The final *ɣ has the reflexes *h in Proto-Maroua and *k in Proto-Mofu. It is deleted in Proto-Tera. In Jimi it has the reflex /ᵑg/. These are all irregular or unestablished.1Proto-Bata*nɨɣseevoir1.1GudeHoskinsonneesee1GudeHoskinsonnee1.2JimiDjibinəᵑgənRegarder ;2Proto-Tera*naseevoir2.1TeraNewmannathis1TeraNewmannasee2.2NyimatliHarleynasee1NyimatliHarleynawhen2NyimatliHarleynathere3Proto-Mandara*nɨɣaseevoir3.1MatalBrangermànᵊ̀ŋājseevoir3.2PodokoSwackhammernakávoir, regarder3.3MandaraFluckigernáhaprévoir, constater, regarder, remplir, mûrir, redire l'avenir - voir3.4MalgwaLöhrnasee3.5GlavdaNghagyivanɨ̀ʁgasee4Proto-Mofu*nɨkseevoir4.1Mofu NorthBarreteauménə̀kéjregarder,1Mofu NorthBarreteauménə̀kéjvoir2Mofu NorthBarreteauménə̀kéjexaminer4.2Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́nəklookregarder, voir, examiner5Proto-Maroua*nahiseevoir5.1MbazlaSILSurveynàhíʼseevoir6Proto-Lamang*nɨɣaseevoir6.1LamangWolffnɣasee6.2HdiBramlettnəɣajto look, to seeregarder, voir7Proto-Higi*nɨɣɨseevoir7.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleynə nə1.see.2.kind of shrub7.2Kamwe-FutuHarleynegəsee7.3KiryaBlenchnə̀to look7.4PsikyeAngelonəwəlook1PsikyeAngelonakésee7.5BanaLienhardnìɣə̀voir
nɨhv.to ripenmûrir1634A
The basic meaning of this verb refers to the ripening of fruit or of millet. The final *h has been lost in several groups, which is a common sporadic process. It has the unestablished reflexes *ɣ in Proto-Margi and *k in Proto-Higi.1Proto-Bata*naripenmûrir1.1GudeHoskinsonnafill, become full1GudeHoskinsonnaripen2GudeHoskinsonnabe ready for use1.2JimiDjibinan1 - Remplir ;; 2 - Mûrir2Proto-Daba*naripenmûrir2.1BuwalViljoennɑripen, become ripemûrir1BuwalViljoennɑfermentfermenter2.2GavarViljoennɑferment (alcohol) (v)fermenter1GavarViljoennɑripenmûrir2.3MbudumNdokobaïkəna(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)1MbudumNdokobaïkənaripen, become ripemûrir2.4DabaLienhardnàmûrir3Proto-Mafa*nɨhripenmûrir3.1MafaBarreteauⁿdəhmûrir3.2CuvokGravinanəhajripen, become ripemûrir1CuvokGravinamanha(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)4Proto-Sukur*nɨhripenmurir4.1SukurThomasnəhripe; fully grown and ready to be eaten.5Proto-Hurza*nahripenmûrir5.1MbukoGravinanahripenmurir5.2VameKinnairdⁿdə́hāripenfaire mûrir1VameKinnairdⁿdə́hàripen ; maturemûrir6Proto-Margi*nɨɣaripenmûrir6.1BuraBlenchnɣaTo be ripe, to ripen6.2KilbaSchuhna/əripen7Proto-Mandara*hɨnaripenmûrir7.1MatalBrangermàhᵊ̀nājripenmûrir7.2MalgwaLöhrnaripen8Proto-Mofu*nɨhʷripenmûrir8.1OuldemeKinnairdānúhʷmature, ripemûr1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemnùhʷripenmûrir ; cuire8.2MadaNkoumoumánahcuire (mûrir)1MadaNkoumouménehéŋcuire (faire-, faire mûrir)8.3MolokoFriesennahripen, maturemûrir8.4GemzekSabataimanaharipemûr (fruit)1GemzekSabataimenehimurir2GemzekSabataimeneheripen, become ripemûrir8.5MereyGravinanah(be) maturemûrir, être mûr, mature8.6DugworJubumnamənəhej(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)1DugworJubumnamənəhejripen, become ripemûrir8.7Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́nəhmûrir9Proto-Maroua*nɨh ʸripenmûrir9.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielannih(i)remplir1Giziga MoutourwaMichielannih(i)fermenter2Giziga MoutourwaMichielannih(i)mûrir9.2Giziga MarvaHamidoumənihan(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)1Giziga MarvaHamidoumənihaŋripen, become ripemûrir10Proto-Higi*nakaripenmûrir10.1PsikyeAngelonakáripe10.2BanaLienhardnákámûrir (grains, chose qu'on doit préparer)11Proto-Kotoko Island*noripenmurir11.1BudumaMcKonenomûrir, être cuite.12Proto-Kotoko North*naripenmûrir12.1AfadeAllisonno na(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)12.2MpadeAllisonnàripen, become ripemûrir1MpadeAllisonnà(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)12.3MalgbeAllisonnawunripen, become ripemûrir1MalgbeAllisonnawun(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)13Proto-Kotoko Centre*naharipenmûrir13.1MserAllisontɨnaripen, become ripemûrir1MserAllisonnaha(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)14Proto-Kotoko South*wɨnharipenmûrir14.1ZinaOddenwùnhàripen, become ripemûrir15Proto-Musgum*nijiripenmûrir15.1MulwiTourneuxnijientrer, faire l'amour1MulwiTourneuxnijimûrir16Proto-Gidar*ɨnaharipenmurir16.1GidarSchuhənahamurir16.2GidarHungerfordunahamûrir
nɨvin.elephantéléphant25Bsyndzɨwɨn ʸgɨwɨnᵐbɨlala ʸ
This is one of four roots for 'elephant' which have been reconstructed, and is only found in some of the Kotoko languages. The change from *v to *f in Proto-Kotoko North is a regular change. The *n is only found in Lagwan. There is a common sporadic sound change in these groups *n to *r, but there is no evidence of a regular change in the other direction, and so *n is preferred in the reconstruction. 1Proto-Kotoko North*arfɨelephantéléphant1.1AfadeAllisonarfielephantéléphant1.2MpadeAllisonàrfùelephantéléphant1.3MalgbeAllisonarfɨelephantéléphant2Proto-Kotoko Centre*rɨvielephantéléphant2.1LagwanAllisonnɨvielephantéléphant2.2MserAllisonarvielephantéléphant


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naɬɨjnm.tonguelangue611Asynɗɨrɨnɨh ʸɣanaɗ ʸ
This is one of three roots for 'tongue', and is found primarily in the eastern part of the Central Chadic area. There is a regular change *ɬ→s in Proto-Kotoko South and Mser, and *ɬ→ʃ in Mpade. The final *j is realised as /i/ in Proto-Kotoko Centre, and as the palatalisation prosody in Proto-Hurza and Proto-Mofu, which are common sporadic processes.1Proto-Hurza*mɨnaɬ ʸtonguelangue1.1MbukoGravinamireɬtonguelangue (de la bouche)1.2VameKinnairdmə̄néɬtonguelangue (partie de la bouche)2Proto-Mofuhɨrnaɬ ʸtonguelangue2.1DugworJubumnahərneɬlanguagelangue, langage3Proto-Kotoko North*enɬitonguelangue3.1AfadeAllisonenɬitonguelangue3.2MpadeAllisonènʃìtonguelangue3.3MalgbeAllisonenɬɨtonguelangue4Proto-Kotoko Centre*enɬitonguelangue4.1LagwanAllisonnɬitonguelangue4.2MserAllisonensi; enʃitonguelangue5Proto-Kotoko South*nɨsatonguelangue5.1ZinaOddenànisə̀tonguelangue5.2MazeraAllisonɨnsatonguelangue6Proto-Musgum*naɬajtonguelangue6.1MbaraTourneuxnaɬajtongue
nɨɣv.to seevoir719A
The final *ɣ has the reflexes *h in Proto-Maroua and *k in Proto-Mofu. It is deleted in Proto-Tera. In Jimi it has the reflex /ᵑg/. These are all irregular or unestablished.1Proto-Bata*nɨɣseevoir1.1GudeHoskinsonneesee1GudeHoskinsonnee1.2JimiDjibinəᵑgənRegarder ;2Proto-Tera*naseevoir2.1TeraNewmannathis1TeraNewmannasee2.2NyimatliHarleynasee1NyimatliHarleynawhen2NyimatliHarleynathere3Proto-Mandara*nɨɣaseevoir3.1MatalBrangermànᵊ̀ŋājseevoir3.2PodokoSwackhammernakávoir, regarder3.3MandaraFluckigernáhaprévoir, constater, regarder, remplir, mûrir, redire l'avenir - voir3.4MalgwaLöhrnasee3.5GlavdaNghagyivanɨ̀ʁgasee4Proto-Mofu*nɨkseevoir4.1Mofu NorthBarreteauménə̀kéjregarder,1Mofu NorthBarreteauménə̀kéjvoir2Mofu NorthBarreteauménə̀kéjexaminer4.2Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́nəklookregarder, voir, examiner5Proto-Maroua*nahiseevoir5.1MbazlaSILSurveynàhíʼseevoir6Proto-Lamang*nɨɣaseevoir6.1LamangWolffnɣasee6.2HdiBramlettnəɣajto look, to seeregarder, voir7Proto-Higi*nɨɣɨseevoir7.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleynə nə1.see.2.kind of shrub7.2Kamwe-FutuHarleynegəsee7.3KiryaBlenchnə̀to look7.4PsikyeAngelonəwəlook1PsikyeAngelonakésee7.5BanaLienhardnìɣə̀voir
nɨhv.to ripenmûrir1634A
The basic meaning of this verb refers to the ripening of fruit or of millet. The final *h has been lost in several groups, which is a common sporadic process. It has the unestablished reflexes *ɣ in Proto-Margi and *k in Proto-Higi.1Proto-Bata*naripenmûrir1.1GudeHoskinsonnafill, become full1GudeHoskinsonnaripen2GudeHoskinsonnabe ready for use1.2JimiDjibinan1 - Remplir ;; 2 - Mûrir2Proto-Daba*naripenmûrir2.1BuwalViljoennɑripen, become ripemûrir1BuwalViljoennɑfermentfermenter2.2GavarViljoennɑferment (alcohol) (v)fermenter1GavarViljoennɑripenmûrir2.3MbudumNdokobaïkəna(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)1MbudumNdokobaïkənaripen, become ripemûrir2.4DabaLienhardnàmûrir3Proto-Mafa*nɨhripenmûrir3.1MafaBarreteauⁿdəhmûrir3.2CuvokGravinanəhajripen, become ripemûrir1CuvokGravinamanha(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)4Proto-Sukur*nɨhripenmurir4.1SukurThomasnəhripe; fully grown and ready to be eaten.5Proto-Hurza*nahripenmûrir5.1MbukoGravinanahripenmurir5.2VameKinnairdⁿdə́hāripenfaire mûrir1VameKinnairdⁿdə́hàripen ; maturemûrir6Proto-Margi*nɨɣaripenmûrir6.1BuraBlenchnɣaTo be ripe, to ripen6.2KilbaSchuhna/əripen7Proto-Mandara*hɨnaripenmûrir7.1MatalBrangermàhᵊ̀nājripenmûrir7.2MalgwaLöhrnaripen8Proto-Mofu*nɨhʷripenmûrir8.1OuldemeKinnairdānúhʷmature, ripemûr1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemnùhʷripenmûrir ; cuire8.2MadaNkoumoumánahcuire (mûrir)1MadaNkoumouménehéŋcuire (faire-, faire mûrir)8.3MolokoFriesennahripen, maturemûrir8.4GemzekSabataimanaharipemûr (fruit)1GemzekSabataimenehimurir2GemzekSabataimeneheripen, become ripemûrir8.5MereyGravinanah(be) maturemûrir, être mûr, mature8.6DugworJubumnamənəhej(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)1DugworJubumnamənəhejripen, become ripemûrir8.7Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́nəhmûrir9Proto-Maroua*nɨh ʸripenmûrir9.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielannih(i)remplir1Giziga MoutourwaMichielannih(i)fermenter2Giziga MoutourwaMichielannih(i)mûrir9.2Giziga MarvaHamidoumənihan(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)1Giziga MarvaHamidoumənihaŋripen, become ripemûrir10Proto-Higi*nakaripenmûrir10.1PsikyeAngelonakáripe10.2BanaLienhardnákámûrir (grains, chose qu'on doit préparer)11Proto-Kotoko Island*noripenmurir11.1BudumaMcKonenomûrir, être cuite.12Proto-Kotoko North*naripenmûrir12.1AfadeAllisonno na(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)12.2MpadeAllisonnàripen, become ripemûrir1MpadeAllisonnà(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)12.3MalgbeAllisonnawunripen, become ripemûrir1MalgbeAllisonnawun(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)13Proto-Kotoko Centre*naharipenmûrir13.1MserAllisontɨnaripen, become ripemûrir1MserAllisonnaha(be) ripe(être) mûr (fruit)14Proto-Kotoko South*wɨnharipenmûrir14.1ZinaOddenwùnhàripen, become ripemûrir15Proto-Musgum*nijiripenmûrir15.1MulwiTourneuxnijientrer, faire l'amour1MulwiTourneuxnijimûrir16Proto-Gidar*ɨnaharipenmurir16.1GidarSchuhənahamurir16.2GidarHungerfordunahamûrir
nɨvin.elephantéléphant25Bsyndzɨwɨn ʸgɨwɨnᵐbɨlala ʸ
This is one of four roots for 'elephant' which have been reconstructed, and is only found in some of the Kotoko languages. The change from *v to *f in Proto-Kotoko North is a regular change. The *n is only found in Lagwan. There is a common sporadic sound change in these groups *n to *r, but there is no evidence of a regular change in the other direction, and so *n is preferred in the reconstruction. 1Proto-Kotoko North*arfɨelephantéléphant1.1AfadeAllisonarfielephantéléphant1.2MpadeAllisonàrfùelephantéléphant1.3MalgbeAllisonarfɨelephantéléphant2Proto-Kotoko Centre*rɨvielephantéléphant2.1LagwanAllisonnɨvielephantéléphant2.2MserAllisonarvielephantéléphant