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gʷ

ɣʷ

hʷ

kʷ

ᵐb

ⁿd

ⁿdz

ᵑg

ᵑgʷ

t

takʷn.horsecheval510Bsynbɨskʷanpɨrɨs ʸ
This is one of three main roots for 'horse' in Central Chadic. There is an irregular change *t→d in Proto-Daba and Sukur, and the sporadic change *kʷ→hʷ in Proto-Bata. 1Proto-Bata*tɨhʷɨhorsecheval1.1GudeHoskinsontə̀hʷá -əhorse2Proto-Daba*dakʷhorsecheval2.1BuwalViljoendɑkʷhorsecheval2.2GavarViljoendɑkʷhorsecheval2.3MbudumNdokobaïdokhorsecheval3Proto-Sukur*dɨkʷhorsecheval3.1SukurDaviddukhorse3.2SukurThomasdəkʼuhorse:- is a large domestic animals mostly used for king.4Proto-Margi*takʷhorsecheval4.1BuraBlenchtakuHorse4.2MargiHoffmantaguhorse4.3Margi SouthHarleytaguhorse4.4KilbaSchuhtakuhorse5Proto-Higi*tɨkʷhorsecheval5.1KiryaBlenchtə̀kúhorse

taɬv.to be coldêtre froid812Acfhɨmɨɗ ʸ
This word probably had a verbal sense 'to be cold', which gave rise to nominal forms, many of which are cited here. The root *hɨmɨɗ ʸ 'wind' is also used for the concept 'cold' in many languages. *ɬ should have the reflex *ɮ in Proto-Mafa, but *ɬ is found.1Proto-Mafa*mɨtaɬcoldfroid1.1MafaBarreteaumə́táɬfroid1.2CuvokGravinamataɬa(be) cold (objects)(être) froid2Proto-Margi*mɨtaɬcoldfroid2.1BuraBlenchmtaɬiTo cool; become cold1BuraBlenchmtaɬakuCold; cool3Proto-Mandara*mɨtaɬɨcoldfroid3.1PodokoSwackhammermətaɬa,-əfroid3.2DghwedeFrickⁿdaɬacold4Proto-Mofu*taɬcoldfroid4.1MolokoFriesenⁿdaɬajmake coldfaire froid4.2GemzekSabataimətaɬcoldfroid4.3MereyGravinataɬa(be) cold (objects)(être) froid1MereyGravinamətaɬfroid5Proto-Maroua*muteɬaŋcoldfroid5.1Giziga MarvaHamidoumuteɬaŋ(be) cold (objects)(être) froid6Proto-Lamang*mɨtaɬcoldfroid6.1HdiBramlettmətaɬcoldle froid7Proto-Higi*taɬicoldfroid7.1BanaLienhardtàɬífroid (temps)8Proto-Kotoko Centre*taɬɨcoldfroid8.1LagwanAllisontaɬɨ(be) cold (objects)(être) froid

tasɨraɗnum.sevensept312Asynmɨɗɨp
This root is less well-attested than *mɨɗɨfɨn. It is found on or around the Mandara Mountains. There is a regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch, of which the Mofu group is part, and in Cuvok. The same change took place in the Daba group, but that is not evident in the limited data here. The final *ɗ has been lost in the Mofu group, which is a common sporadic change.1Proto-Daba*tsasaraɗ ʸsevensept1.1DabaLienhardtʃèsèrēɗsept2Proto-Mafa*tsaraɗsevensept2.1MafaBarreteautsaraɗsept2.2CuvokGravinataslasevensept (7)3Proto-Mofu*tasɨlasevensept3.1OuldemeKinnairdsə̀sə̀làsevensept3.2MuyangSmithɑdəskəlɑsevensept3.3MolokoFriesensəsəresevensept3.4ZulgoHallertəsəlásept3.5GemzekSabataitəsəlasevensept3.6MereyGravinatasəlaseven (7)sept (7)3.7DugworJubumnatsəlaseven (7)sept (7)3.8Mofu NorthBarreteautsə́lāsept (num.)3.9Mofu-GudurHollingsworthmaasalasevensept

tɨɣisnum.eighteight411B
It is unlikely that Proto-Central Chadic had a root for 'eight', This is the most widely attested root, and it is only present in four groups. These groups are not genetically related at a close level, so the root may be a comparatively recent coinage that has spread.1Proto-Bata*tɨɣiseighthuit1.1GudeHoskinsontə̀ɣə́səeight1.2JimiDjibitəɣisHuit1JimiDjibitəɣis82Proto-Sukur*tɨkɨzeighthuit2.1SukurDavidtəkəzeight3Proto-Mandara*tɨɣiseighthuit3.1MatalBrangermtəgis, mtəgiʃeighthuit3.2MandaraFluckigertísehuit3.3GlavdaNghagyiva tx̩̀saeight (8)4Proto-Higi*tɨɣɨsɨeighthuit4.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleytə̀kə̀séEight4.2Kamwe-FutuHarleydəɣosoeight4.3KiryaBlenchtə́ɣə̀seight4.4PsikyeAngelodəgəsə́eight4.5BanaLienhardd(ə)ɣə̀sə̀huit

tɨmanm.sheepmouton1134B
Sheep farming probably did not take place amongst the Proto-Central Chadic speaking people. The word entered Central Chadic at a later point. Many languages have either /-ŋ/ or /-k/ suffixed to the root. These could be historic gender suffixes which have become fossilised. The change *m→w took place in the Mandara group as a regular change in word-final position, but it is not expected in intervocalic position. In the Lamang group *m→w was a sporadic change. In several languages there has been a sporadic change *m→ᵐb. The /ɓ/ found in Proto-Tera and in the Mofu languages is probably a development *ᵐb→ɓ. In Mandara and Malgwa the *i has palatalised the *t. There is a regular process whereby palatalised alveolars become palatalised velars in these languages, giving /kʲ/ in these languages.1Proto-Daba*tɨmɨksheepmouton1.1BuwalViljoenŋtəmeksheepmouton1.2GavarViljoenŋtʃimeksheepmouton1.3MbudumNdokobaïnteksheepmouton1.4DabaLienhardtùmùkle mouton2Proto-Mafa*tamaksheepmouton2.1MafaNdokobaitaᵐbaksheepmouton2.2CuvokGravinatəmakewebrebis1CuvokGravinatəmaksheepmouton3Proto-Tera*ⁿdɨɓaŋsheepmouton3.1TeraNewmanⁿdəɓaŋsheep3.2NyimatliHarleyⁿdu̱ɓaᵑgsheep4Proto-Hurza*tɨmasheepmouton4.1MbukoGravinatəmansheepbrebis4.2VameKinnairdtə̄ᵐbáksheepmouton5Proto-Mandara*tiwasheepmouton5.1MatalBrangertᵘ̄wāŋsheepmouton5.2PodokoSwackhammertagʷá,-imouton5.3MandaraFluckigerkjáwemouton (m)5.4MalgwaLöhrkjewesheep gen.5.5GlavdaOwenstuusheep1GlavdaNghagyivatùʁʷasheep5.6DghwedeFricktuwigesheep6Proto-Mofu*tɨmasheepmouton6.1OuldemeKinnairdtə̄ᵐbàksheepmouton6.2MolokoFriesentəmaksheepmouton6.3GemzekSabataitəmaŋsheepmouton6.4MereyGravinatəɓaŋsheepmouton1MereyGravinatəbaŋmouton6.5DugworJubumnaTəmaksheepmouton1DugworJubumnaTəmakewebrebis6.6Mofu NorthBarreteautə̄ɓāŋmouton6.7Mofu-GudurHollingsworthtəɓáŋmouton 1Mofu-GudurHollingsworthtəɓáŋ(fig.) sot, bête7Proto-Maroua*tɨmasheepmouton7.1Giziga MarvaHamidoutumonewebrebis1Giziga MarvaHamidoutumonsheepmouton7.2MbazlaTourneuxtəmakmouton8Proto-Lamang*tɨwaksheepmouton8.1LamangWolfftuwakasheep8.2HdiBramletttuwaksheeple mouton9Proto-Higi*tɨmɨsheepmouton9.1KiryaBlenchtə̀ᵐbə́kə́sheep9.2PsikyeAngelotə́musheep9.3BanaLienhardtə́ᵐbə̀k(ə́)mouton, brebis,10Proto-Musgum*tɨmasheepmouton10.1VulumTourneuxadmemouton10.2MbaraTourneuxdimasheep10.3MuskumTourneuxtɨmamouton11Proto-Gidar*tɨma ʸsheepmouton11.1GidarSchuhtime/emouton

tipv.to spitcracher1431A
This common root is almost certainly onomatopoeic in origin. A similar word is found in both Hausa and Kanuri. It is significant though that *i is present in almost all the groups where this vowel is part of the phonemic inventory. This implies that the word may have been adopted as a word rather than as a sound at an early period in the history of Central Chadic. *p was realised as [f] word-finally in Proto-Central Chadic, so the presence of the final *f in all groups does not contradict the early origin of the word.1Proto-Bata*tifspitcracher1.1BataBoydtə̀fI spit saliva1.2GudeHoskinsontifispit.1.3JimiDjibitefʷən1 - Cracher ;; 2 - Depiècer un animal; 3 - Cinquième2Proto-Daba*tɨf ʸspitcracher2.1BuwalViljoenŋtefspitcracher2.2GavarViljoenŋtifspitcracher2.3DabaLienhardtīfcracher ; bénir3Proto-Mafa*ⁿdzɨf ʸspitcracher3.1MafaBarreteauⁿdʒifcracher4Proto-Sukur*tifaspitcracher4.1SukurThomastifato spit on somebody or something5Proto-Hurza*tifaspitcracher5.1MbukoGravinatəfespitcracher5.2VameKinnairdtífāspitcracher6Proto-Margi*tifaspitcracher6.1BuraBlenchtifu, tifaTo spit6.2KilbaSchuhtəfa/aspit7Proto-Mandara*tifaspitcracher7.1MatalBrangermæ̀tʲfláspitcracher7.2PodokoSwackhammertəfacracher8Proto-Mofu*tɨfspitcracher8.1MolokoFriesentafspitcracher8.2GemzekSabataimetefe teɮespitcracher8.3MereyGravinatəfcracher8.4DugworJubumnamətəfej ɬeɬeɓspitcracher8.5Mofu NorthBarreteaumétə̀fèjcracher8.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́təfcracher9Proto-Maroua*tɨf ʷspitcracher9.1MbazlaTourneuxtufcracher10Proto-Lamang*tɨfspitcracher10.1LamangWolfftəfspit10.2HdiBramletttəfajto spitcracher11Proto-Higi*tifispitcracher11.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleyntìvíspit11.2Kamwe-FutuHarleyntjivispit11.3KiryaBlenchntə́fə́to spit11.4BanaLienhardtfə́cracher, bénir12Proto-Kotoko North*tafɨspitcracher12.1MpadeAllisontáfɨ̀ sʼèspit sth out of the mouthcracher qqch de la bouche13Proto-Kotoko Centre*tɨfspitcracher13.1LagwanAllisontɨfɨwun (tɨfu)spit sth out of the mouthcracher qqch de la bouche1LagwanAllisontɨfel nahespitcracher13.2MserAllisontafɨ ɣrejspitcracher14Proto-Musgum*tɨf ʷspitcracher14.1MbaraTourneuxtufspitcracher15Hausatóofèespit sth out of the mouthcracher qqch de la bouche16Kanuritәfáᵑgin, tәfádʒin // tә́fáᵑgin, tә́fádʒinspit sth out of the mouthcracher qqch de la bouche

tiranm.moonlune1031Asynkɨja
This root is the original Proto-Central Chadic root, and goes back at least as far as Proto-Chadic. There is a regular change *r→l in the North sub-branch, though here Proto-Higi has *r, and Proto-Kotoko North and Proto-Kotoko Centre have *ɗ. It is expected that Sukur has /r/, but this is not the case. Evidence for *i comes from the three groups where *i exists as a phoneme, i.e. the Mandara, Lamang and Higi groups. In Glavda, *i has been reanalysed as the palatalisation of *t. There is a regular process in Glavda where palatalised alveolar consonants become palatalised velar consonants, and this explains the presence of /kʲ/. The change *t→k in Muskum is regular.1Proto-Daba*tɨramoonlune1.1BuwalViljoenŋtərɑmoonlune1BuwalViljoenŋtərɑmonthmois1.2GavarViljoenŋtrɑmoonlune1GavarViljoenŋtrɑmonth1.3MbudumNdokobaïntəramonthmois1MbudumNdokobaïntramoonlune1.4DabaLienhardtə̀ràla lune, le mois1.5MazagwayHidiNoussitəralune2Proto-Tera*teramoonlune2.1TeraNewmanteramoon1TeraNewmanteramonth2.2NyimatliHarleytʃeremonth1NyimatliHarleytʃeramoon2.3HwanaHarleyⁿdɾémoon/month3Proto-Sukur*tjamoonlune3.1SukurDavidtejamoon, month (lunar)3.2SukurDavidtejamonth (lunar), moon3.3SukurThomastjamoon; the round object that moves around the earth once 271/2 days and shines at night by light reflect fron the sun.4Proto-Mandara*tilamoonlune4.1MatalBrangertəlamoonlune4.2PodokoSwackhammertərá,-a 1lune1PodokoSwackhammertərá,-a 2mois4.3MandaraFluckigertérélune (f), mois (m)4.4MalgwaLöhrtəremoon1MalgwaLöhrtəremonth4.5GlavdaOwenskjímoon1GlavdaOwenskjimonth, moon2GlavdaNghagyivakʲlamonth3GlavdaNghagyivakʲlamoon4.6DghwedeFricktilemoon5Proto-Lamang*tilamoonlune5.1LamangWolfftə́rémoon1LamangWolfftrémoon2LamangWolfftə́rmoon, month5.2HdiBramletttilimoonla lune6Proto-Higi*tɨrimoonlune6.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleytərə̊moon6.2Kamwe-FutuHarleytəromonth1Kamwe-FutuHarleytəromoon2Kamwe-FutuHarleytərofull moon6.3KiryaBlenchtə́ɽímoon, month6.4PsikyeAngelotrə́moon6.5BanaLienhardtírlune, mois7Proto-Kotoko North*teɗɨmoonlune7.1AfadeAllisondeɗimoonlune7.2MpadeAllisontéɗɨmoonlune1MpadeAllisontéɗɨmonthmois7.3MalgbeAllisonteɗɨmoonlune1MalgbeAllisonteɗɨmonthmois8Proto-Kotoko Centre*teɗɨmoonlune8.1LagwanAllisonteɗimoonlune1LagwanAllisonteɗimonthmois8.2MserAllisonteɗɨ (tɨɗ)moonlune1MserAllisonteɗɨmonthmois9Proto-Musgum*tɨla ʸmoonlune9.1VulumTourneuxtlelune9.2MbaraTourneuxtilemoonlune9.3MuskumTourneuxkilelune10Proto-Gidar*tɨlamoonlune10.1GidarHungerfordtɨlalune, mois10.2GidarSchuhtəla/alune10.3GidarHungerfordtɨlalune, mois

tɨsawv.to roastrôtir510Acfdsɨwra
The basic meaning of this word is to cook food in a fire. It contrasts with *sɨwra 'to fry'. *d is a generic term for cooking. The *w has resulting in the creation of the vowel /u/ in Muyang, Gemzek and Giziga Marva, creating exceptions to the general rule of vowel harmony.1Proto-Bata*ɨtsacookpréparer1.1GudeHoskinsonətsaburn up1GudeHoskinsonətsaroast over open fire2Proto-Margi*tasacookcuire2.1KilbaSchuhtas/aroast3Proto-Mofu*tɨsawcookcuire3.1MuyangSmithtusɑjsmoke over a fire, roast without flamecuire au feu; rôtir (sans flamme)3.2GemzekSabataiⁿdusabake (in ashes)cuire (dans les cendres)1GemzekSabataiⁿdusaroastrôtir3.3DugworJubumnamətəsewbake (in ashes)cuire (dans les cendres)3.4Mofu-GudurHollingsworthtəsfaire sécher au feu (viande, boule de mil), faire cuire4Proto-Maroua*tusacookpréparer4.1Giziga MarvaHamidoutusa gʷatbake (in ashes)cuire (dans les cendres)5Proto-Higi*tswacookpréparer5.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleytswåroast5.2Kamwe-FutuHarleytswaroast1Kamwe-FutuHarleytswabake (in fire, e.g., bread)5.3KiryaBlenchtswáto roast

tsaɬ ʸv.hatchéclore611Acfɗɨɬ ʸ
This root is easily reconstructed, with very little change in the segments. The palatalisation prosody is present in five of the groups, and as expected it has been vocalised in the Lamang group. Reduplication in the Gude, Zulgo and Merey forms may indicate that a consonant has been lost at the start of the root.1Proto-Bata*tsatsaɬɨ ʸhatchéclore1.1GudeHoskinsontʃatʃalhəhatch eggs2Proto-Sukur*tsɨɬ ʸhatchéclore2.1SukurThomastʃiɬhatch;- a young birth, chiken, insect, fish to come out from egg.3Proto-Hurzatsaɬ ʸhatchéclore3.1VameKinnairdtʃaɬjaéclore (Afem)4Proto-Mandara*tsɨɬa ʸhatchéclore4.1PodokoSwackhammertʃiɬaenlever en petits morceaux, éclore4.2MandaraFluckigertʃáɬééclore, éclater4.3GlavdaNghagyivat͡ʃáɬᵊgahatch5Proto-Mofu*tsaɬ ʸhatchéclore5.1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemtsàɬfoundbâtir; commencer; débuter; éclore1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemtsàɬhatch eggséclore5.2ZulgoHallertsetsiɮéclore, sortir de l'oeuf5.3GemzekSabataimetseɬe ɗəɬehatchéclore5.4MereyGravinatsətsaɬhatchéclore6Proto-Lamang*tsiɬhatchéclore6.1HdiBramletttsiɬajto hatchéclore

tsɨ ʸnm.eyeoeil820Bsynhadaj
This root is less common than *hadaj, which has also been reconstructed for Proto-Chadic. However, it is still extremely widely attested. The *ts has become voiced in Proto-Bata and Proto-Daba, which is an irregular process, and has the regular reflex *s in Sukur and Proto-Kotoko Centre, along with several of the Kotoko North languages. The evidence for the palatalisation prosody is consistent.1Proto-Bata*dzɨ ʸeyeoeil1.1JimiDjibidʒənOeil2Proto-Daba*ⁿdza ʸeyeoeil2.1BuwalViljoenⁿdʒeeyeœil2.2GavarViljoenⁿdʒɑeyeœil2.3MbudumNdokobaïᵐbu ⁿdʒeeyeœil1MbudumNdokobaïⁿdʒefacevisage3Proto-Sukur*iseyeoeil3.1SukurDavidiseye3.2SukurThomasʼiseye; the two organs on the face that you see with.4Proto-Margi*ntsa ʸeyeoeil4.1BuraBlenchntʃaEye5Proto-Mandara*jɨtsa ʸeyeoeil5.1MandaraFluckigeritʃaoeil (m)5.2MalgwaLöhriitʃeeye5.3GlavdaOwensdʒeye1GlavdaOwensdʒeye6Proto-Higi*ntsʲɨeyeoeil6.1Kamwe-NkafaHarleyntsəeye6.2Kamwe-FutuHarleyntsieye6.3KiryaBlenchntʃíeye6.4PsikyeAngelonʃieyes1PsikyeAngelohsúeyes6.5BanaLienhardm(ə̀)tsə́oeil7Proto-Kotoko North*tsɨeyeoeil7.1AfadeAllisontsɨeyeœil7.2MpadeAllisonsɨ́eyeœil7.3MalgbeAllisonsɨeyeœil7.4MaltamAllisonsɨeyeœil8Proto-Kotoko Centre*sɨeyeoeil8.1LagwanAllisonsɨeyeœil8.2MserAllisonsɨeyeœil

tsɨhʷɨɗ ʸn.porcupineporc-épic416Ccfdzɨmɨkʷ ʸ
This root is an innovation in the Margi-Mandara-Mofu major group, and has spread into the Hurza group. There has been much sporadic simplification, with two groups losing the palatalisation prosody, and widespread loss of the labialisation component of *hʷ. The *ɗ has been lost in all languages, except for some members of the Mofu group. This loss of material has been compensated for by the addition of a m- prefix in the Hurza and Margi groups, a v- prefix in Glavda, and reduplication in Mandara and Malgwa. There is also sporadic prenasalisation of the *ts in many languages, particularly in the Mofu group, where this has led to the voicing of *ts to /dz/.1Proto-Hurza*mɨtsahporcupineporc-épic1.1MbukoGravinamətsahporcupineporc-épic1.2VameKinnairdānzáhporcupineporc-épic2Proto-Margi*mɨtsaporcupineporc-épic2.1BuraBlenchmantsinaPorcupineporc-épic2.2Margi SouthHarleymətsaporcupineporc-épic3Proto-Mandara*tsɨtsɨhʷa ʸporcupineporc-épic3.1MatalBrangerǣtʃhìporcupineporc-épic3.2MandaraFluckigertʃetʃehʷeporc-épic (m)3.3MalgwaLöhrtʃitʃihaporcupineporc-épic3.4GlavdaNghagyivaávànd͡zaporcupineporc-épic4Proto-Mofu*tsɨhaɗ ʸporcupineporc-épic4.1OuldemeKinnairdātsíhʷīporc-épic4.2MuyangSmithetʃihiporcupineporc-épic4.3MolokoFrieseneⁿdʒeheɗporcupineporc-épic4.4ZulgoHallertsèhéporc-épic m.4.5GemzekSabataiⁿdzəheɗporcupineporc-épic4.6MereyGravinaⁿdzəheɗporcupineporc-épic4.7DugworJubumnaⁿdʒeheɗporcupineporc-épic4.8Mofu NorthBarreteauⁿdzəheɗ, ⁿdʒə̄héɗporcépic

tsɨjɨwnum.twodeux513Bsynɓɨwakkasisɨwra
This root is one of several roots for 'two' found in Central Chadic. It is found on and to the east of the Northern Mandara Mountains. Zina is quite distant from the other languages, but shares several cognates with the languages of the Mandara Mountains, indicating a time of contact in the past. The *j has been reanalised as a prosody in most of the languages. The *w has been reanalysed as /u/ in Muyang and Zina. These are common sporadic processes. In Muyang, the /u/ is affected by the palatalisation prosody.1Proto-Mafa*atsaw ʸtwodeux1.1MafaBarreteautʃewdeux1MafaBarreteautʃetʃewdeux1.2CuvokGravinaatʃewtwo (2)deux (2)2Proto-Hurza*tsaw ʸtwodeux2.1MbukoGravinatʃewtwodeux2.2VameKinnairdtʃāwtwodeux3Proto-Mofu*tsɨjɨwtwodeux3.1OuldemeKinnairdtsìjòtwodeux3.2MuyangSmithtʃitʃʉtwodeux1MuyangSmithtʃitʃʉtwodeux2MuyangSmithtʃʉtwodeux3.3MolokoFriesentʃewtwodeux3.4Mofu NorthBarreteautʃéwdeux3.5Mofu-GudurHollingsworthtʃewtwodeux4Proto-Maroua*tsɨw ʸtwodeux4.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielantʃuwdeux1Giziga MoutourwaMichielantʃuwle deuxième4.2Giziga MarvaHamidoutʃuwtwo (2)deux (2)4.3MbazlaTourneuxtʃewdeux1MbazlaSILSurveytíáẃtwodeux5Proto-Kotoko South*tsutwodeux5.1ZinaOddentʃutwo (2)deux (2)

tsɨkʷɨrn.chickenpoulet918D
Chicken farming is probably a comparatively recent activity amongst Central Chadic peoples. Proto-Central Chadic *r→l in the North sub-branch, but that change is not apparent in the data, indicating that the word entered Central Chadic after the time of the sound change, but at a time when /r/ had re-entered the phonemic inventory of the North languages from another mechanism. There is considerable variation in the forms that are attested, making it difficult to reconstruct the history of this word.1Proto-Mafa*watsakchickenpoulet1.1MafaNdokobaiwatʃakchickenpoulet2Proto-Sukur*takʷɨrchickenpoulet2.1SukurDavidtakurchicken2.2SukurThomastakurchicken3Proto-Hurza*ⁿdzɨkʷɨrchickenpoulet3.1MbukoGravinanzəkarchickenpoulet3.2VameKinnairdnzùgùràkchickenpoulet4Proto-Mandara*gʷɨtsɨkɨchickenpoulet4.1MatalBrangergʷatsakchickenpoulet4.2PodokoSwackhammerutsəka,-əpoule5Proto-Mofu*wɨtsɨkar ʸ, maⁿdzɨkʷɨr ʸchickenpoulet5.1OuldemeKinnairdwùtskárchickenpoulet5.2MolokoFriesenaⁿdʒakarchicken, henpoule5.3ZulgoHallermeⁿdzíkʷirpoule f., poulet m.5.4GemzekSabataimeⁿdzekʷerhenpoule5.5MereyGravinamaⁿdzekʷerchickenpoulet5.6DugworJubumnawutʃəkerchickenpoulet6Proto-Maroua*tsɨkʷarchickenpoulet6.1Giziga MarvaHamidoukətʃikarchickenpoulet6.2MbazlaTourneuxmutʃukorpoulet7Proto-Lamang*ɣatakʷalachickenpoulet7.1LamangWolffɣatakʷalachicken8Proto-Kotoko South*tsakarchickenpoulet8.1ZinaOddentʃákáráchickenpoulet8.2MazeraAllisontʃakarhenpoule1MazeraAllisontʃɨkrechickenpoulet9Proto-Musgum*mɨskɨrchickenpoulet9.1MuskumTourneuxmɨskɨrpoulet

tsɨvɨɗ ʸn.pathchemin1330B
There was a word-initial change *ts→t in several groups, which was a regular change in Proto-Bata, Proto-Lamang, Proto-Musgum and Proto-Gidar, but irregular in Proto-Mandara and part of Proto-Mofu. There are also several instances of *ts→dz, which is a sporadic change. There was also a regular change *v→f in Proto-Musgum, and the same change (irregular) took place here in Proto-Daba, where metathesis and deletion of *ɗ have placed *ts in word-final position. *ɗ has been deleted in most groups. In Proto-Lamang and Proto-Musgum it has been palatalised to become *j, developing into *i in Proto-Mandara. These are common sporadic changes. There is evidence for the palatalisation prosody from most groups, but not the Bata or Daba groups where it would be expected.1Proto-Bata*tɨvɨpathchemin1.1JimiDjibitəvənRoute1.2SharwaGravinatɨvəChemin1.3TsuvanJohnstontəvela route2Proto-Daba*tɨfpathchemin2.1BuwalViljoentɑfpath, roadchemin, route2.2GavarViljoentəfpath, roadchemin, route2.3MbudumNdokobaïkatafpath, roadchemin, route2.4DabaLienhardkàtə̄f ʼle chemin3Proto-Mafa*tsɨvaɗ ʸpathchemin3.1MafaBarreteautʃívéɗchemin3.2CuvokGravinatʃəvejpath, roadchemin, route4Proto-Tera*ⁿdzɨvapathchemin4.1TeraNewmanⁿdəvapath1TeraNewmanⁿdəvaroad4.2NyimatliHarleyᵑgⁿdʒivapath, road5Proto-Sukur*tsɨvɨ ʸpathchemin5.1SukurThomastʃiviway; ia the general term for way; it is either footpath, motorcycle, railway etc.6Proto-Hurza*tsɨvaɗ ʸpathchemin6.1MbukoGravinatʃəveɗroad, pathroute (f), sentier7Proto-Mandara*tɨvipathchemin7.1MatalBrangertètⁱ̀v(ì)pathchemin7.2PodokoSwackhammertɨvé,-əchemin8Proto-Mofu*tɨvɨ ʸpathchemin8.1OuldemeKinnairdtìvìroadchemin1OuldemeKinnairdtìvìfaçon; ce n´est pas possible8.2MuyangSmithdivipath ; permissionroute; piste; chemin9Proto-Mofu*tsɨvaɗ ʸpathchemin9.1MolokoFriesentʃəveɗtrackpiste9.2MereyGravinatsəveɗpath, roadchemin, route9.3DugworJubumnatʃəvedpath, roadchemin, route9.4Mofu NorthBarreteautʃə̀vèɗchemin9.5Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́tʃəveɗpathchemin, route10Proto-Maroua*dzɨvɨɗ ʸpathchemin10.1Giziga MarvaHamidoudʒiveɗpath, roadchemin, route10.2MbazlaTourneuxdivi, dʒivichemin1MbazlaSILSurveyɗìvíʼpathchemin11Proto-Lamang*tɨvɨjpathchemin11.1LamangWolfftə́vèroad, path, way1LamangWolffwátə́vèpath, road11.2HdiBramletttəviroadle chemin, la route12Proto-Musgum*tɨfɨjpathchemin12.1VulumTourneuxfutiiroute12.2MulwiTourneuxfutiiroute12.3MbaraTourneuxtifajroad, pathroute, chemin13Proto-Gidar*tɨva ʸpathchemin13.1GidarHungerfordtiveroute, sentier, chemin13.2GidarSchuhtive/eroute

tsɨwiv.to crypleurer1134B
The initial *ts has the reflex *t in several groups. In Proto-Bata, Proto-Lamang, Proto-Mofu and Proto-Musgum this is part of a regular process, but in other groups it is a sporadic change. The change *ts→s in Proto-Kotoko Centre is regular. In Mandara and Malgwa, the palatalisation prosody has developed, which has caused the palatalisation of *t. There is a regular process whereby palatalised alveolars are realised as palatalised velars, which here gives *tʲ→kʲ.1Proto-Bata*tɨwɨcrypleurer1.1BataBoydtúúcry1.2GudeHoskinsontuucry, weep1GudeHoskinsontuuhowl (of animal)1.3SharwaGravinatuwəpleurer2Proto-Margi*tiwi, tɨwacrypleurer2.1BuraBlenchtua, tuwaFuneral (crying)1BuraBlenchtua, tuwaTo cry (in general)2BuraBlenchtua, tuwaTo mourn, weep2.2MargiHoffmantito cry2.3Margi SouthHoffmantiwito cry2.4KilbaSchuhtiwicry, crying1KilbaHoffmantiwito cry3Proto-Mandara*tɨwa ʸcrypleurer3.1MatalBrangermatəwaj // matuwaj matəwaj, matuwajcrypleurer3.2PodokoSwackhammertawa 1pleurer1PodokoSwackhammertawa 3faire un bruit (animal ou moteur)3.3MandaraFluckigerkjuapleurer3.4MalgwaLöhrkjuwacry3.5GlavdaNghagyivatúːgacry, weep4Proto-Mofu*tɨwɨcrypleurer4.1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemtūwōweeppleurer4.2MuyangSmithtʉwiweep ; crypleurer4.3MolokoFriesentəwecrypleurer4.4ZulgoHallertúwápleurer, répandre des larmes1ZulgoHallertúwá (ᵑgát)pleurer qn., s'affliger pour qn.4.5GemzekSabataimetuwewail, ululate (at funeral) (v)pleurer, gémir, ululer1GemzekSabataimetuwecry, weeppleurer4.6MereyGravinatuwacry, weeppleurer4.7DugworJubumnamətuwajcry, weeppleurer1DugworJubumnamətuwaj mɗumejwail, ululate (at funeral) (v)pleurer, gémir, ululer4.8Mofu-GudurHollingsworthtəwpleurer, crier ; chanter (oiseau) ; résonner (instrument de musique) 1Mofu-GudurHollingsworthtəwcouler (sève), suinter 2Mofu-GudurHollingsworthtəwproduire abondamment (huile)5Proto-Maroua*tɨwacrypleurer5.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielantuwujpleurer1Giziga MoutourwaMichielantuwuj zuŋpleurer5.2Giziga MarvaHamidoutuwajcry, weeppleurer1Giziga MarvaHamidoutuwa vowail, ululate (at funeral) (v)pleurer, gémir, ululer5.3MbazlaTourneuxtuwajpleurer6Proto-Lamang*tawacrypleurer6.1LamangWolfftawacry, weep, mourn6.2HdiBramletttawcryle pleur1HdiBramletttawajto crypleurer7Proto-Kotoko Island*tsujcrypleurer7.1BudumaMcKonetʃujpleurer.8Proto-Kotoko North*tsɨwecrypleurer8.1AfadeAllisontsɨwecry, weeppleurer8.2MpadeAllisonswèwail, ululate (at funeral) (v); cry, weeppleurer, gémir, ululer; pleurer8.3MalgbeAllisonsuwe; kidɨ gba suwe; suewail, ululate (at funeral) (v); cry, weeppleurer, gémir, ululer; pleurer9Proto-Kotoko Centre*sɨwecrypleurer9.1LagwanAllisonsɨwe; ⁿdɨsɨwun sɨwewail, ululate (at funeral) (v); cry, weeppleurer, gémir, ululer; pleurer9.2MserAllisonswewail, ululate (at funeral) (v); cry, weeppleurer, gémir, ululer; pleurer10Proto-Kotoko South*tsɨwjacrypleurer10.1ZinaOddentʃùwjàcry, weeppleurer11Proto-Musgum*tɨwacrypleurer11.1MulwiTourneuxtuwipleurer, crier (pour des animaux)11.2MbaraTourneuxtuwaweep

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