gʷɨɗɨɮnm.belchéructer1123Crel. tohʷɨɗɨɬ ʸ
This root is very difficult to reconstruct. The most secure part of the root is the *ɮ, which is present in all reflexes, though it is devoiced in Proto-Kotoko North. The voiced fricatives *z and *v are devoiced in Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum, so this may be part of a general devoicing of fricatives. In many languages there is a glottal element, and in many there is a voiced velar. In Mbudum and Giziga Moutourwa there is evidence for three consonants in the root. The initial consonant is reconstructed as *gʷ. The labialisation is retained in Mafa, Bura and Margi, and is vocalised in Hdi. The *g is retained in Mbudum, Mafa, Matal, Glavda, Ouldeme and Mada. In Hdi it has become /ŋ/, and in Giziga Moutourwa it has become /ʔ/. These are unestablished changes. In the Margi group the *gʷ and *ɗ have merged, creating /ɓʷ/ and /ʔʷ/, which is a common sporadic process. The *ɗ is retained in several languages, and in Mbudum, Gemzek, Merey and Giziga Moutourwa it has the reflex /r/, which is an unestablished change. In Kotoko North is has fused with *ɬ to create the ejective *ɬʼ. As one might expect, the root for 'belch' is the voiced equivalent of the root for 'cough'.1Proto-Daba*gɨɗɨɮbelchéructer1.1BuwalViljoenɗɑɮbelchéructer, rôter1.2MbudumNdokobaïŋɡəɾɮbelchéructer, rôter2Proto-Mafa*gʷɨɗɨɮabelchéructer2.1MafaBarreteauguɮarôter2.2CuvokGravinaɗaɮabelchéructer, rôter3Proto-Hurza*ɗɨɮabelchéructer3.1MbukoGravinaɗəɮeto belchroter3.2VameKinnaird̀ɮànáŋàbelchéructer4Proto-Margi*ɮaɠʷibelchéructer4.1BuraBlenchɮàɓʷìTo belch4.2MargiHoffmanɮaʼwito belch5Proto-Mandara*gɨɮabelchéructer5.1Matalmàɡɮájbelchéructer5.2MalgwaLöhriidhlaburp5.3GlavdaNghagyivagɨ̀ɮᵊgabelch6Proto-Mofu*gɨɗɨɮbelchéructer6.1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemgə̀ɮàjburpéructer ; rôter6.2MadaNkoumoumeᵑgɮeaéructer, rôter6.3ZulgoHallerɮeɮeroter6.4GemzekSabataimereɮebelchéructer, rôter6.5MereyGravinaraɬbelchéructer, rôter6.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́ɗəɮéructer7Proto-Maroua*ʔɨrɮɨʔɨ ʸbelchéructer7.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanʼirɮiʼiroter8Proto-Lamang*ŋɨɮubelchéructer8.1HdiBramlettŋəɮuto belch, to burpéructer, roter9Proto-Higi*ɮibelchéructer9.1BanaLienhardɮíéructer, rôter10Proto-Kotoko North*ɬʼabelchéructer10.1AfadeAllisonɬʼe; ɬʼaunbelchéructer, rôter10.2MpadeAllisonlà msʼòbelchéructer, rôter1MpadeAllisonmsʼòburprot11Proto-Kotoko Centre*iɬibelchéructer11.1LagwanAllisongel iɬibelchéructer, rôter
This root is very difficult to reconstruct. The most secure part of the root is the *ɮ, which is present in all reflexes, though it is devoiced in Proto-Kotoko North. The voiced fricatives *z and *v are devoiced in Proto-North Kotoko-Musgum, so this may be part of a general devoicing of fricatives. In many languages there is a glottal element, and in many there is a voiced velar. In Mbudum and Giziga Moutourwa there is evidence for three consonants in the root. The initial consonant is reconstructed as *gʷ. The labialisation is retained in Mafa, Bura and Margi, and is vocalised in Hdi. The *g is retained in Mbudum, Mafa, Matal, Glavda, Ouldeme and Mada. In Hdi it has become /ŋ/, and in Giziga Moutourwa it has become /ʔ/. These are unestablished changes. In the Margi group the *gʷ and *ɗ have merged, creating /ɓʷ/ and /ʔʷ/, which is a common sporadic process. The *ɗ is retained in several languages, and in Mbudum, Gemzek, Merey and Giziga Moutourwa it has the reflex /r/, which is an unestablished change. In Kotoko North is has fused with *ɬ to create the ejective *ɬʼ. As one might expect, the root for 'belch' is the voiced equivalent of the root for 'cough'.1Proto-Daba*gɨɗɨɮbelchéructer1.1BuwalViljoenɗɑɮbelchéructer, rôter1.2MbudumNdokobaïŋɡəɾɮbelchéructer, rôter2Proto-Mafa*gʷɨɗɨɮabelchéructer2.1MafaBarreteauguɮarôter2.2CuvokGravinaɗaɮabelchéructer, rôter3Proto-Hurza*ɗɨɮabelchéructer3.1MbukoGravinaɗəɮeto belchroter3.2VameKinnaird̀ɮànáŋàbelchéructer4Proto-Margi*ɮaɠʷibelchéructer4.1BuraBlenchɮàɓʷìTo belch4.2MargiHoffmanɮaʼwito belch5Proto-Mandara*gɨɮabelchéructer5.1Matalmàɡɮájbelchéructer5.2MalgwaLöhriidhlaburp5.3GlavdaNghagyivagɨ̀ɮᵊgabelch6Proto-Mofu*gɨɗɨɮbelchéructer6.1OuldemeKinnairdubd stemgə̀ɮàjburpéructer ; rôter6.2MadaNkoumoumeᵑgɮeaéructer, rôter6.3ZulgoHallerɮeɮeroter6.4GemzekSabataimereɮebelchéructer, rôter6.5MereyGravinaraɬbelchéructer, rôter6.6Mofu-GudurHollingsworth́ɗəɮéructer7Proto-Maroua*ʔɨrɮɨʔɨ ʸbelchéructer7.1Giziga MoutourwaMichielanʼirɮiʼiroter8Proto-Lamang*ŋɨɮubelchéructer8.1HdiBramlettŋəɮuto belch, to burpéructer, roter9Proto-Higi*ɮibelchéructer9.1BanaLienhardɮíéructer, rôter10Proto-Kotoko North*ɬʼabelchéructer10.1AfadeAllisonɬʼe; ɬʼaunbelchéructer, rôter10.2MpadeAllisonlà msʼòbelchéructer, rôter1MpadeAllisonmsʼòburprot11Proto-Kotoko Centre*iɬibelchéructer11.1LagwanAllisongel iɬibelchéructer, rôter
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