ᦉᧂᦃᦱᧃ1saŋ¹xaan¹2000nounsangxan; a Tai solar year (which begins on April 13). [Note: ᦉᧂ ᦃᦱᧃ refers also to the new year celebration on April 13-15. On April 13 the sun enters the constellation Aries. See ᦔᦲ 'year' for more about the Tai calendar.]ᦔᦲ1 1ᦉᧂ ᦃᦱᧃ ᦔᦲ ᦺᦖᧈ ᦺᦑ.Tai new year.ᦵᦡᦲᧃ ᧖ ᦉᧂ ᦃᦱᧃ ᦔᦲ ᦺᦖᧈ.The sangkhan new year in month 6 (the solar year starts in the sixth month of the lunar year).ᦁᦱ ᦍᦳ ᦉᧂ ᦃᦱᧃ.One's age in Tai years (which increases on April 13th every year).8.4.1.8Special days8.4.1.6YearᦞᧃᦉᧂᦃᦱᧃᦟᦸᧂᧈSanskritsankrantimove out
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ᦟᦱᧃᧉ1laan⁶numeralone million. [Note: For a round number meaning 'a lot', see ᦶᦉᧃ.]ᦶᦉᧃ1 28.1.1.1Cardinal numbersᦉᦱᦉᦓᦱᦊᦲᧈᦌᦹᧈᦟᦱᧃᧉ
ᦀᦻᧉ2ʔaaj³conjunctionto do on and on. [Note: Used in the construction: verb+ᦀᦻᧉ+verb.]ᦙᧃ ᦣᦹᧇ ᦀᦻᧉ ᦣᦹᧇ, ᦣᦹᧇ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦵᦃᦲᧆ ᦖᦱ.She chased and chased, but she couldn't catch the dog.ᦙᧃ ᦏᦱᧉ ᦀᦻᧉ ᦏᦱᧉ, ᦅᦸᧉ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦠᧃ ᦷᦟᧆ ᦅᧄ ᦶᦟᧁᧉ.He waited and waited but he never saw the bus.ᦃᦹᧃᧉ ᦀᦻᧉ ᦃᦹᧃᧉ, ᦅᦸᧉ ᦃᦹᧃᧉ ᦣᦸᧆ ᦈᦲᧅ ᦅᦸᧂᦰ ᦌᧄᧉ ᧟.We climbed and climbed, and in the end we got to the peak.ᦙᧃ ᦃᦳᧆ ᦀᦻᧉ ᦃᦳᧆ, ᦍᧂ ᦠᦱ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦺᦡᧉ ᦟᦲᧄᧉ ᦵᦑᦲᧈ.He dug and dug, and he hadn't found the box yet.8.4.2.3Forever
ᦆᧄᧈ1xam⁵5001noundarkness of late evening; duskᦏᦹᧂ ᦆᧄᧈ ᦙᦱ ᦃᧁ ᦶᦔᧂ ᦎᦳᧇᧈ ᦶᦔᧂ ᦕᦱᧄ.When dusk came they built huts.8.4.1.2.3Time of the day2classifierclassifier for days of the month, and for evenings. [Note: See ᦵᦡᦲᧃ 'month' for a description of the calendar.]ᦵᦡᦲᧃ1 2ᦵᦡᦲᧃ ᧕ ᦷᦟᧅ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᧖ ᦆᧄᧈ.May 6th.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦂᦱᧂᦆᧄᧈᦃᧁᧉᦆᧄᧈᦀᦸᧅᧈᦺᦐᦆᧄᧈᦆᦹᧃᦆᧄᧈᦋᧁᧉᦙᦹᧆᦆᧄᧈᦷᦠᦆᧄᧈ᧑᧕ᦆᧄᧈ
ᦵᦌᧀsɤj⁴verb (intransitive)to respond in conversation or singing. [Note: The performance of traditional xap singing elicited responses. Traditional courting behaviour also involved witty challenges and responses.]ᦵᦉᧂ ᦷᦃ ᦘᦸᧄᧉ ᦵᦉᧂ ᦵᦌᧀ ᦤᦴ ᦷᦙᧃᧈ.There was a fun sound of laughter and banter.ᦅᦳᧃ ᦑᧂ ᦵᦣᦲᧃ ᦓᧂᧈ ᦖᦴᧈ ᦃᧁᧉ ᧞ ᦵᦌᧀ ᦊᦴᧈ.The whole household sat at the table and chatted back and forth.ᦃᧇ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦙᦱ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦡᦲ ᦝᧂ ᦵᦗᦲᧃᧈ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦵᦌᧀ.If you sing xap and it isn't well done, they won't sing back to you.ᦷᦕ ᦋᦱᧂᧈ ᦃᧇ ᦵᦙ ᦋᦱᧂᧈ ᦵᦌᧀ, ᦷᦕ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦵᦃᧀ ᦵᦙ ᦓᧂᧈ ᦺᦂᧉ. When he sings she sings back, when he visits her parents she sits nearby.3.5.1.5.1Answer4.2.3.3Sing
ᦠᧃhan¹500verb (transitive)to see. [Note: The object of 'to see' often takes the preposition ᦺᦉᧈ.]ᦗᦸᧈ ᦅᦱᧉ ᦃᧁ ᦠᧃ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦡᦲ ᦁᦱᧄ ᦶᦑᧉ.The merchants saw it and they were amazed.ᦠᧃ ᦺᦉᧈ ᦷᦣ ᦵᦉ ᧟, ᦅᦸᧉ ᦙᦲ ᦩᦱᧄ ᦷᦟ ᦘ ᦶᦎᧃ ᦠᦱ ᦺᦆᧈ ᦟᦴᧈ ᦀᧁ.When they saw the cow they were greedy and wanted to steal it.ᦙᧃ ᦶᦜᧂᧉ ᦣᦴᧉ ᦶᦜᧂᧉ ᦜᧅ ᦎᦸᧇᧈ ᦞᦱᧈ: “ᦢᧁᧈ ᦉᧂ ᦵᦉᦲ ᦂᦴ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦉᧂ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦠᧃ.”He pretended to be smart and said, 'What tiger? I haven't seen anything.'2.3.1Seeᦵᦃᦲᧆᦠᧃᦕᧃᦺᦡᧉᦅᦾᧈᦠᧃᦅᦸᧂᦠᧃᦉᦴᧈᦐᦱᧉᦠᧃᦎᦱᦑᦸᧂᦰᦠᧃᦓᦸᧃᦚᧃᦠᧃᦡᦲᦔᦸᧈᦠᧃᦕᦸᧈᦠᧃᦘᦸᧄᧈᦐᦱᧉᦠᧃᦎᦱᦶᦟᧂᦠᧃᦠᧃᦐᦱᧉᦠᧃᦟᦻᦠᧃᦠᦳᧃᧈᦠᧃᦓᦱᧁᦠᧃᦡᦲᦠᧃᦇᦱᧄᦠᧃᦢᧁᧈᦈᦸᧉᦠᧃᦣᦻᧉᦣᦴᧉᦠᧃᦩᦱᧄᦠᧃ
ᦣᦻᧉᦃᦱᧆhaaj⁶xaat²1adjectiveterrible; ferociousᦘᦰ ᦍᦱᧆ ᦞᦸᧉ ᦠᦱᧅ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦘᦰ ᦍᦱᧆ ᦣᦻᧉ ᦃᦱᧆ ᦶᦑᧉ.Rabies is truly a terrible disease.ᦂ ᦎᦻᧈ ᦣᦴᧉ ᦵᦉᦲ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦶᦙᧂ ᦣᦻᧉ ᦃᦱᧆ ᦓᧃᧉ ᦵᦋᦲᧉ ᧚.The rabbit knew that tigers are a ferocious kind of animal.4.3.1.1Bad, immoral2post-verbvery; terribly. [Note: The quality can be repeated in the form Adjective+ᦣᦻᧉ+Adjective+ᦃᦱᧆ]ᦐᦱᧁ ᦣᦻᧉ ᦐᦱᧁ ᦃᦱᧆ.Terribly cold.9.3Veryᦣᦻᧉᦃᦱᧆᦅᧄᦣᦻᧉᦋᦻᧉᦃᦱᧆᦷᦎᦣᦻᧉᦋᦻᧉᦃᦱᧆᦵᦣᧆᦣᦻᧉᦋᦻᧉᦃᦱᧆ
ᦛᦲwii¹20001nouncombᦀᧃᦛᦲ ᦷᦠ ᦃᧁ ᦩᦻ.A comb carved from buffalo horn.5.4.3.1Comb hair2verb (transitive)to combᦊᦱᧈ ᦺᦔ ᦀᧁ ᦛᦲ ᦵᦃᧁᧉ ᦶᦜᧄ ᦷᦟᧂᧈ ᦓᧃᧉ ᦛᦲ.Don't use a comb with overly sharp teeth to comb your hair.5.4.3.1Comb hair3classifierclassifier for hands of bananas. [Note: There are several bananas in one ᦛᦲ. Several ᦛᦲ form a ᦵᦣᦲ 'stalk' of bananas.]ᦵᦣᦲ2 1ᦂᦽᧉ ᧒ ᦛᦲ.Two hands of bananas.1.5.5Parts of a plant9.2.6.1Classifiersᦵᦃᧁᧉᦛᦲᦉᦂᧁᧉᦛᦲᦷᦠᦺᦙᧉᦉᦲᦛᦲᦔᧆ
ᦂᧄ1kam¹20001verb (intransitive)to make a fistᦅᧃ ᦞᦱᧈ ᦵᦂᧁᧈ ᦣᦳᧆ ᦶᦃᧃ, ᦂᧄ ᦅᦼ ᧞ ᦆᦴᧉ ᦶᦃᧃ.If you have a cramp in the arm, make a fist and bend your arm.2verb (transitive)to hold in a closed handᦙᦹ ᦂᧄ ᦉᦻ ᦶᦎᧃᧈ ᦺᦞᧉ ᦖᧃᧉ ᦖᧃᧉ.His hand grasped firmly onto the electric wire.7.3.4.4Hold3nouna unit of measure for the circumference of trees, stakes. [Note: One ᦂᧄ is the thumb and index finger meeting; about twelve centimetres.]8.2.2Long4classifierclassifier for handfulsᦀᦾᧉ ᦶᦂᧁᧉ ᦂᧄ ᧚.A handful of candy.9.2.6.1Classifiersᦂᧄᦷᦎᦶᦋᧂᦺᦈᦂᧄᦑᦹᦂᧄᦔᧃᧉᦂᧄᦵᦟᦲᧈ
ᦢᦳᧂ1buŋ¹nounbushel basket, square at the bottom, round at the top. [Note: A ᦢᦳᧂ as a measure is equal to a ᦏᧂ 'bucketful'. Two ᦢᦳᧂ equal one ᦠᦱᧇ.]ᦏᧂ2ᦠᦱᧇ 2ᦐᦽᧈ 3ᦀᧁ ᦎᦸᧅᧈ ᦚᦳᧂ ᦣᦴ ᦢᦳᧂ.Patch the hole in the basket with bamboo strips.ᦃᧁᧉ ᦶᦖᧃᧈ ᦕᦳᧂ ᦃᦱᧁ ᦉᦳᧂ ᦢᦳᧂ ᦓᧃᧉ ᦟᦳᧅ ᦖᦸᧈ ᦠᦲᧃ ᦠᧃᧉ ᦷᦎᧅ ᦙᦱ.White flour went down into the basket from the millstone.6.7.3Carrying tool
ᦶᦜᧂlæŋ¹1nounclamᦷᦎ 51.6.1.9Small animals2nounbivalve shell (as of a clam or an oyster). [Note: This contrasts with ᦠᦾ 'spiral shell'.]ᦠᦾ 21.6.1.9Small animals
ᦘᦰpʰaʔ²ᦘ20001nounBuddhist monk [Note: The ranks of the monkhood from least to highest are ᦘᦰ, ᦑᦳ, ᦑᦳ ᦷᦜᧂ, and ᦆᦴ ᦢᦱ.]ᦆᦴᦢᦱᦑᦳᦑᦳᦷᦜᧂᦅᦳᧃ1 3ᦷᦢᧆᧈ ᦘᦰ.Be ordained as a monk.ᦉᦲᧅ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦘᦰ.Leave the monkhood.ᦃᦳᧆᧈ ᦷᦠ ᦺᦔ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦘᦰ.He shaved his head and became a monk.ᦍᦸᧃᧉ ᦞᦱᧈ ᦷᦑᧅ ᦈᦲᧂᧈ ᦀᦸᧅᧈ ᦺᦔ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦘᦰ.Because he was poor he became a monk.ᦋᦹᧈ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦘᦰ.One's monk name (a monk typically takes a different name while his is ordained).4.9.7.5Buddhism4.9.7.1Religious person2prefixprefix for holy people or thingsᦘᦰ ᦈᧁᧉ.Buddha.ᦘᦰ ᦞᦲ ᦠᦱᧃ.Vihara (in a monastery).ᦘ ᦟᦰ ᦉᦲ.Hermit.4.3.1Good, moralᦑᦳᦘᦰᦘᦰᦈᧁᧉᦘᦰᦓᦾᧉᦘᦁᦳᧂᦘᦵᦐᦲᦷᦠᦘᦢᦱᧆᦵᦜᦲᧂᦘᦰ
ᦋᦱᧃcaan⁴2000nounporch. [Note: The traditional Tai Lue house is built up on stilts. The ᦋᦱᧃ is an open balcony in the front area of the house.]ᦑᦲᧈ 3ᦙᧃ ᦓᧂᧈ ᦊᦴᧈ ᦋᦱᧃ ᦵᦣᧆ ᦚᦻᧉ.She sat on the porch weaving cloth.ᦙᦲ ᦆᦹᧃ ᧚, ᦃᧁ ᦓᧂᧈ ᦋᦱᧃ ᦠᧃᧉ ᦊᦲᧃ ᦟᦳᧄ.One night, they sat on the porch in the cool breeze.6.5.2.8Floor, storyᦋᦱᧃᦠᦲᧃᦋᦱᧃᦕᦱᦛᦱᧃᧉᦋᦱᧃᦇᦹᧃ
ᦣᦱ1haa⁴500final particlean emotive particle used with questions (both yes/no and wh- questions). [Note: ᦣᦱ expresses emotion such as worry, anger or sarcasm. The /h/ is pronounced only following a vowel.]ᦙᦹᧂ ᦙᧁ ᦣᦱ?Are you drunk?ᦉᦴ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦙᦲ ᦎᦱ ᦣᦱ?Don't you have any eyes?ᦋᧁᧉ ᦙᦸᧂᧈ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦅᦸᧉ ᦡᦲᧃᧉ ᦘᦻᧉ ᦣᦱ?You are gambling this early in the morning?ᦵᦂᧁ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦉᧂ ᦣᦱ?Why are you making such a racket?ᦵᦉᦲᧉ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦉᧂ ᧞ ᦵᦔᦲᦰ ᦌᧄᧉ ᦣᦱ?Your clothes, why are they all wet?ᦺᦕ ᦔᦲᧃ ᦗᦸᧈ ᦣᦱ? ᦂᦴ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦺᦋᧈ ᦗᦸᧈ ᦙᦹᧂ.Who do you think is your father? Not me!ᦶᦀ ᦠᦹᧉ ᦢᧁᧈ ᦉᧂ ᦶᦎᧅᧈ ᦣᦱ?What did you break this time?3.4.2.3Angry9.4.3.3Interrogative 3.4.2.4.1Worried3.5.1.8Criticize
ᦃᧁᧉᦧᦸᧃxaw³xwɔn¹nounelements of living beings that give life and energy. [Note: Separation of the ᦧᦸᧃ from the body results in illness. In English this is sometimes called 'soul-stuff'.] (can be separated)1.4.2Spirits of things4.9.2Supernatural beingᦃᧁᧉ1ᦧᦸᧃ1ᦃᧁᧉᦙᦲᧂᧈᦧᦸᧃᦆᧄᦉᦴᧈᦃᧁᧉᦑᦳᧃᦧᦸᧃᦉᦴᧈᦃᧁᧉᦙᦲᧂᧈᦧᦸᧃ
ᦆᦋᦹᧂxacɯŋ⁴ᦆᦵᦋᦲᧂᧈnounXaceng, a level of Tai Lue nobility. [Note: Under the king was the ᦈᧁᧉ ᦵᦋᧂ ᦣᦱ 'Lord of Jing Ha'. Under him were the ᧔ ᦆ ᦋᦹᧂ 'Four Xaceng Lords', and then the ᧘ ᦆ ᦋᦹᧂ 'Eight Xaceng Lords'.]ᦵᦋᧂᦣᦱᦶᦏᧆ ᦑᦱᧄ ᦈᧁᧉ ᦵᦋᧂ ᦣᦱ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦔᦲᧃ ᧔ ᦆ ᦋᦹᧂ, ᦅᦹ: ᦣᦾᧉ ᦡᦱᧂᧉ ᦢᦱᧃᧉ ᦀᦸᧆᧈ, ᦣᦾᧉ ᦡᦱᧂᧉ ᦈᦸᧄ ᦞᧂ, ᦣᦾᧉ ᦡᦱᧂᧉ ᦢᦱᧃᧉ ᦃᦳᧄ.Under the Lord of Ceng Ha were lords at the Four Xaceng level, namely: the Duke of Ban Awt, the Duke of Com Wang, and the Duke of Ban Xum.ᦏᦱᧃᧉ ᦒᦲ ᧒ ᦓᦲᦰ ᦔᦲᧃ ᧘ ᦆ ᦋᦹᧂ. Under them were lords at the Eight Xaceng level.4.6.1.1King's family
