bbaba³³v.(动)shovel铲/chǎn/Almer lei a, yel jjiumo ggaxrne nilhar hox zei lei a, arleixr bba pixl nia.下雨了,所以路上面的土滑下来了,要铲掉以下。It rained, so the dirt above the road slid down (on the road), it needs to be shovelled off.bbaba³³
bbaebæ³³1adj.(形)flat; level平/píng/Jjiumo eil zex ho ssi ho bbae du lei a.这条路越走越平起来了。This road becomes flatter and flatter (as you) go.Ngua mermi su ddei mi mel bbaelbbaemo, halae yarzi paxr seir.我们地方的田平平的,还很好种。The fields where we are from are very level, (and) also very easily cultivated.Silpor mermi mel bbaelerlermo.汉族人的地方是平平的。Where the Han people live it is flat.2CLF(量)(section or piece of flat land)块/kuài/Mi hal bbae ngo ddei a.那块地是我的。That piece of land is mine.Compare 另见bbaelbbaebbaelerlerdaxbbaederlebbaeniurloxlbbaenixmox bbaehhexsilbbarbbaebbaebæ³³
bbaebæ³³v.(动)drop; fall落/luò/Mersi jia a, sixzzei leil seixlpeixl bbae zei lei var.风吹的时候,树上的叶子会落下来。When the wind blows, the leaves on the trees will fall.Camar hal ddei bborvu zzu bbae jjia a, hormo ba nr nga a.那个老人的胡子掉完了,没几根了。That old person's beard completely fell out, (he) doesn't have much of a beard.This is not used for a person falling down; when a person falls down it is /dezei/. /bbae/ is used when something is anchored in some way to something and then drops down like when fruit or leaves drop from a tree or when hair or teeth fall out.Compare 另见de zeibbaebæ³³
bbaebæ³³adj.(形)idle闲/xián/Yar miar nr zza, cirni-cirni bbae dae.他没有活可干,每天每天闲着。S/he does not have any work, day after day (s/he) is idle.Compare 另见bbaebbae zzor nr zzorbbaeyoxiaʃʲa³³
bbaebbae zzor nr zzorbæ³³bæ³³ dzo²¹ n̩²¹ dzo²¹bæ³³bæ³³-dzo²¹-n̩²¹-dzo²¹idiom(习语)rest and eat吃吃睡睡;吃吃闲闲/chī chī shuì shuì/; /chī chī xián xián/Cabessor ddei nixixl mel yarzi goxrseir, bbaebbae zzor nr zzor goxr dae lalssa.富人的日子很好过,吃吃闲闲过着就行了。The rich person's life is very good, (they) just rest and eat.bbaebbae zzor nr zzor ~ bbaebbae-zzorzzorCompare 另见bbaebbaebbae-zzorzzorzzorxiaxia zzor nr zzorʃʲa³³ʃʲa³³ dzo²¹ n̩²¹ dzo²¹ʃʲa³³ʃʲa³³-dzo²¹-n̩²¹-dzo²¹
bbaebbae-zzorzzorbæ³³bæ³³-dzo²¹dzo²¹idiom(习语)a life of leisure and good eating吃吃睡睡;吃吃闲闲/chī chī shuì shuì/; /chī chī xián xián/Leixlsu mel bbaebbae-zzorzzor bei nr ddo, zabbar seilseir a miar bei nia.年轻人不能吃吃闲闲,要好好的做事情。Young people shouldn't just live a life of leisure and good eating, (they) should work hard.Compare 另见bbaebbae zzor nr zzorbbaebbae-zzorzzorbæ³³bæ³³-dzo²¹dzo²¹
bbaecibæ³³tsʰɿ³³n.(名)(a type of tree)红菱树/hóng líng shù/Ngua dax mel bbaeci yarzi miur.在我们的地方有很多红菱树。Where we are from there are a lot of chestnut trees.The /bbaeci/ tree is cut down and one-inch deep holes are dug out of the trunk. Mushroom are then planted in those holes.zzei
bbaehhexbæ³³ɣɯ̠⁴⁴adj.(形)fair公平/gōngpíng/Aniux nrnel zza a mel, bbaehhex nia, ciryoxr a perniar nia.有两个孩子的话,要公平,一样的关心。If there are two children, (you) have to be fair, (and) love them the same.Compare 另见nixmox bbaehhexbbaehhexbæ³³ɣɯ̠⁴⁴
bbaelerlerbæ³³lə²¹lə²¹adj.(形)flat; level平平的/píngpíng de/Jjiumo eil zex bbaelerlermo yarzi ssi seir.这条路平平的很好走。This road is level and good for traveling on.The /lerler/ is not separated because it is different from the /lerler/ that nominalizes question words.Compare 另见bbaebbaelbbaebbaelerlerbæ³³lə²¹lə²¹
bbaerbæ²¹1v.(动)split裂/liè/Bolvixr mel ngergazo ddei leil ar xiur bbaer dae.浣熊在额头上裂开着一条。The hog badger has a stripe splitting its forehead./bbaer/ means something is split into two halves by a divider of some kind--as in this example . The word /kier/ 'split' is used when someone uses a tool of some kind--like an axe--to split something in half.2adj.(形)cracked; torn破/pò/Pia xiux bbaer a mel, ni naexrbe xixl nia mar!衣服破了,你要缝补。If your clothes are torn, you need to mend them back (together)!Beizi eil ddei bbaer a.这个杯子破了。This cup is cracked.bbaerbæ²¹
bbaerbæ²¹n.(名)duck鸭子/yāzi/Bbaer mel ajjix gga ngol ssu lel meixr.鸭子喜欢在水里抓鱼吃。Ducks like to catch fish in the water to eat.ddei, ddoxr, te, mel, ke, zzuCompare 另见bbaerfubbaerbæ²¹
-bbaerbæ²¹POST POS(后置词)sfxpart; portion; section; side边;面/biān/; /miàn/Mi eilbbaer nael naxrcixl, halbbaer nael hormosael naxr-nr-cixl.这块地这边好,那边不太好。This section of ground is good (fertile), but that section it is not good (fertile).Bolixr ca a, lamaebbaer nei lavulbbaer lei ca nia.擦玻璃要外边和里边都擦。When wiping glass, both the outside surface and the inside surface need to be wiped.Ni lamaebbaer cux nr seir arddeirnga, lavulbbaer cux lei.如果你外边不好座,来里边坐。If it isn't good to sit on the outside (row), come sit on an inside (row).Pia eil xiux lavulbbaer piar gga xiaxr ho a, nael lamaebbaer piar gga nr xiaxr seir.这件衣服里边的坏了,但是外边的还没坏。The inside surface of this clothing is torn, but the outside surface is not yet torn.Yar cirbbaer hher; ngo cirbbaer hher.他在一边,我在一边。S/he is on one side; I am on one side.1. In the above example the /piar/ is optional. Locative words: The locative word /zzar/ means 'in(side)' some structure. a. /nalzzar/ 'up in' b. /lavuzzar/ 'inside' c. /kukurzzar/ 'inside layer' d. /nixmox zzar/ 'in (the) heart'. There is overlap in the usage of the locative words /-bbaer/ and /-bbor/ 边/面, but in general, the locative word /-bbaer/ is used when one location is related to a second location, person or thing. a. /giedaebbaer/ 'behind' (some other location, person or thing). b. /xilmeirbbaer/ 'in front of' (some other location, person or thing). c. /lamaebbaer/ 'outside” (of a container). d. /halbbaer/ 'over there' (from the perspective of a person 'over here' /eilbbaer/). e. /qirbbaer/ 'edge' (of something in contrast to the main body of the area). The locative word /-bbor/ means 'in; on'. a. /merlabbor/ 'in the sky'. b. /middurbbor/ 'on the earth'. c. /xiepaebbor/ 'on the roof'. But it also follows the pattern of /-bbaer/ when it follows the [DET.限定词] /eil/ 'this or /hal/ that' and means 'this side' (eilbbor), in contrast to 'that side' (halbbor) of some boundery like a road or a river, and with /yobbor/ 'on the right 右边' and /vaelbbor/ 'on the left 左边'. The noun /maex/ means 'place'. a. /halmaex/ 'that place. b. /eilmaex/ 'this place'. c. /arddolmaex/ 'where; what place'. d. /armaex/ 'a place'. The noun /piar/ means 'edge' (of something), or the 'side' (of something). This is in contrast to the locative word /-bbor/ which simply is speaking of two apposing sides or places—over here vs. over there. a. /giedaebbaer piar/ 'the back edge/side'. b. /lazzarmo nr piar/ 'the two edges/sides of the river'. c. /mersi jia gex dae piar/ 'the side the wind blew on'. It also refers to direction. ːa. /yopiar/ 'right side'. b. /arddolpiar gga ssi a/ 'going in whatever direction'. Or it means side, as in a group of people in competition with another group of peopleː. a. /eilpiar nrnel; hal piar nrnel/ 'two on this side, two on that side'. b. /yar dax cirpiar bei su/ 'those who were on the same side as s/he (was)'.Compare 另见eilbbaergiedaebbaerhalbbaerkuaxggiebbaermuggiebbaerqierqierbbaerzalbbaerbbaerbæ²¹
bbaerfubæ²¹-fɤ³³n.(名)duck egg鸭蛋/yāzi dàn/Halmaex bbaerfu a bbeixsael yixfu ar taex dol dae?那里放着一个鸭蛋还是鸡蛋。Is that a duck egg or a chicken egg placed over there?taexCompare 另见bbaerfuyixfuyixfupiuyixfusaebbaerfubæ²¹-fɤ³³
bbaermirbæ²¹mi²¹n.(名)broadleaf arrowhead; water rice; zizania caduci flora; (a type of vegetable that is a bit bitter)茨菇/cìgū/Bbaermir mel ajjix zza ggie dae saelnei gol var.茨菇在有水的地方才会活。The "bbaermir" must be planted in a place where there is water in order for it to live.taexbbaermerbæ²¹mɯ²¹
bbaexbæ̠⁴⁴1v.(动)play a stringed instrument弹/tán/Yar xixrzi bbaex var.他会弹铉子。S/he can play the "xixrzi".This verb is used for pulling something back like a rubberband or a bow, so for playing music it is used with stringed instruments.2CLF (verbal)(量)(flick; strum)Yar leixrni ddei ngo ngergazo leil ar taex bbaex gger a.他的手指在我脑门上弹了一下。S/he gave me a flick on the forehead with his/her finger.Compare 另见xixrzibbaexbæ̠⁴⁴
bbaexbæ̠⁴⁴DISC(话语)(heard听说/tīng shuō/)Ni arggeni ake jjixr bbaex?听说你明天回家是吗?I heard you are going home tomorrow, (right)?It was reported that this is not used in the village of ZhangJia.
bbaexbbaexbæ̠⁴⁴bæ̠⁴⁴n.(名)third child第三个孩子/dì sānge háizi/Aniux bbaexbbaex ddei mel hherdder aniux soler ddei nga a.Aniux bbaexbbaex 就是第三个孩子。Aniux bbaexbbaex is the third child.Compare 另见nimarbbaexbbaexbbaexbbaexbæ̠⁴⁴bæ̠⁴⁴
bbaexlba̠⁶⁶conj.(连)if的话/de huà/Yar nr ssi bbaexl a, niul ssi lalssa.他不去的话,就咱们去吧。If s/he doesn't go we'll just go.Argaxl almer lei bbaexl a, ni ngo leil pia arleixr se xixl gger la ngo.假如一会下雨,你帮我把衣服收回来一下。After a while if it rain, help me gather (and take) the clothes back (into the house--they are hanging outside to dry in the sun).hangaxa³³ŋa⁵⁵
bbaexlbæ̠⁶⁶1DISC (REPORTED SPEECH--auditory evidential speaker-oriented modality)(话语【间接引语】)(expresses that the evidence of what is being said is based on what one has heard or seen)Eilni yar ngo leil bbeix: "Ni miar bei ssi nr ssa a" bbaexl eine bbeix a.今天他对我说:“你不要去干活了”这样说。Today s/he told me, "You don't need to go to work" (she) said.Yar woxrke ca mel yar eine bbeix a bbaexl ddar eilmel ngo leil bbeix gger a.他下面的人们依照他说的这些话,告诉我。The people under him/her told me the words s/he said.2(affirm or verify that [you] think something is true)觉得/juédé/Ni bbaexl yar seir seir?你觉得他好不好?Can you affirm is s/he good or not?1. /bbaexl/ is an evidential operator, which indicates that the information came from visual sources. Though it still retains the idea that the speaker’s information came from seeing, its meaning seems to have expanded to ‘I affirm’ or ‘it is a fact’, especially in (but not limited to) propositons concerning ego. It communicates that the proposition is a fact, not an opinion, that the speaker affirms is correct. It expresses a higher degree of commitment to the truth of the statement than /sor/, but not as much as /lo/ or /mar/. (See validationals.) Certain evidentials may double up in some propositions. I have observed that only the logical deduction /naer/ and the visual /bbaexl/ may follow other evidentials; other combinations of evidentials don’t seem to be acceptable. /naer/ communicates that the speaker is certain of the proposition (possibly because he/she understands the situation well). /bbaexl/ indicates that the speaker affirms the truth of the proposition. It indicates that the source of information is reliable. Such marking is not superfluous. Rather, in these cases, the second evidential seems to lose its evidential meaning and take on validational ones instead. The second evidential confirms the first one. It does not mark another source of information for the speaker or addressee. This is in contrast to what Aikenvald has observed in some languages where “[h]aving several evidentiality markers in one clause allows speakers to express subtle nuances relating to types of evidence and information source….” (Aikenvald, 88-91) Native speakers of this language inform me that they may not express several different sources of information in the same proposition; they must choose one source of information only. If the speaker’s information comes from more than one source and his/her information is quite good, the speaker may use the logical deduction /naer/ to indicate that he/she has a thorough understanding of the situation. While most evidentials may be used to comment on 2nd and 3rd person subject’s feelings, only the visual /bbaexl/ and logical deduction /naer/ may be used to comment on a 1st person subject’s feelings, probably because in such contexts they acquire validational, not evidential meanings. The visual /bbaexl/ and logical deduction evidential /naer/ and the emotive word /mei/ (which derives from the word for feel) may be used to comment on the content of dreams. The non firsthand evidentials may not be used. (Judi Merrifield)It was reported that this is not used in the village of ZhangJia.The meaning is similar to the word /zzor/ but it is used in a different way.Compare 另见zzor
bbaexlbæ̠⁶⁶1DISC (REPORTED SPEECH--auditory evidential speaker-oriented modality)(话语【间接引语】)expresses that the evidence of what is being said is based on what one has heard or seenEilni yar ngo leil bbeix: "Ni miar bei ssi nr ssa a" bbaexl eine bbeix a.今天他对我说:“你不要去干活了”这样说。Today s/he told me, "You don't need to go to work" (she) said.Yar woxrke ca mel yar eine bbeix a bbaexl ddar eilmel ngo leil bbeix gger a.他下面的人们依照他说的这些话,告诉我。The people under him/her told me the words s/he said.2affirm or varify something is true 觉得;真的/juédé/; /zhēnde/Ni bbaexl yar seir seir?你觉得他好不好?Do you think s/he is good?1. /bbaexl/ is an evidential operator, which indicates that the information came from visual sources. Though it still retains the idea that the speaker’s information came from seeing, its meaning seems to have expanded to ‘I affirm’ or ‘it is a fact’, especially in (but not limited to) propositons concerning ego. It communicates that the proposition is a fact, not an opinion, that the speaker affirms is correct. It expresses a higher degree of commitment to the truth of the statement than /sor/, but not as much as /lo/ or /mar/. (See validationals.) Certain evidentials may double up in some propositions. I have observed that only the logical deduction /naer/ and the visual /bbaexl/ may follow other evidentials; other combinations of evidentials don’t seem to be acceptable. /naer/ communicates that the speaker is certain of the proposition (possibly because he/she understands the situation well). /bbaexl/ indicates that the speaker affirms the truth of the proposition. It indicates that the source of information is reliable. Such marking is not superfluous. Rather, in these cases, the second evidential seems to lose its evidential meaning and take on validational ones instead. The second evidential confirms the first one. It does not mark another source of information for the speaker or addressee. This is in contrast to what Aikenvald has observed in some languages where “[h]aving several evidentiality markers in one clause allows speakers to express subtle nuances relating to types of evidence and information source….” (Aikenvald, 88-91) Native speakers of this language inform me that they may not express several different sources of information in the same proposition; they must choose one source of information only. If the speaker’s information comes from more than one source and his/her information is quite good, the speaker may use the logical deduction /naer/ to indicate that he/she has a thorough understanding of the situation. While most evidentials may be used to comment on 2nd and 3rd person subject’s feelings, only the visual /bbaexl/ and logical deduction /naer/ may be used to comment on a 1st person subject’s feelings, probably because in such contexts they acquire validational, not evidential meanings. The visual /bbaexl/ and logical deduction evidential /naer/ and the emotive word /mei/ (which derives from the word for feel) may be used to comment on the content of dreams. The non firsthand evidentials may not be used. (Judi Merrifield)It was reported that this is not used in the village of ZhangJia.
bbaexrlaexrbæ̠ʔ²¹ɮæ̠ʔ²¹n.(名)half半/bàn/Saer eil taex ni ar bbaexrlaexr zzor, ngo ar bbaexrlaexr zzor.这个水果你吃一半,我吃一半。You eat a half of this fruit and I will eat a half.This is used for something solid that is cut in half. The word /peix/ 'half' would be used for something like half the rice is yours and half is mine.Compare 另见peixbbaerlaerbæ̠ʔ²¹ɮæ̠ʔ²¹
bbaexvubæ̠⁴⁴vɤ³³n.(名)sweet white liquor甜白酒/tián bái jiǔ/Baexvu bei a mel, almeixr zeixl mi ho halmel gga zzir ji dax dder bei cexr a.做甜酒酿,煮熟了的饭里,放酵母就可以做出来了。When making sweet white liquor, it can be accomplished by putting the yeast in the rice when it has finished boiling.This liquor is not just liquid; the rice is still in the drink.doxr, mel, bbibbaexhhebæ̠⁴⁴ɣɯ³³
bbaeyobæ³³ʝo³³adj.(形)lazy懒/lǎn/Yar yarzi bbaeyo, miar lei nr bei.他很懒活也不做。S/he is very lazy, (s/he) does not even do (any) work.Eilni almer lei a, bbaeyoyomo ngo sul nr zza ssi a.今天下雨,太懒了我不去上学了。Today it rained (and) I lazily did not go to school.Compare 另见bbaebbaeyobæ³³ʝo³³