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ngâh4ŋɤh1unspecified subject (UNS), may indicate anyone or everyone in general, or someone the speaker doesn’t know or doesn’t want to nameMa ân idoq táq thét ma lâyq ngâh iyư.But what UNS had done wrong UNS didn’t remember.Carna ngâh tumóung.The way one lives.Ngâh is usually replaced by clitic i= before one syllable verbs, as in the first example. Can be used in a clause modifying a noun where English would use a ‘to’ or ‘for’ purpose clause:; Ngâh precedes a one-syllable verb when an adverbial occurs between it and the verb, as in the example below.9.2.3Pronouns22nd person in commands and wishesA–i dơi bâl boup tông achưng acư, ngâh iyư tốq nô ra!Mother kept instructing me, (you) remember in the future.Ngâh cachan hoc hanh o hôi uráq u–ar.(You) eagerly study so capable of writing.A name or 2nd person pronoun is rarely used in a command.
ndơamʔəndɯ̰amtrample; hurt-oneself foolishlyArâq do ân chom vi chuôt ma do pôc cray, cốh arâq do. Vi do ân tông moui ma do pôc iniêng, arâq do dếq parnai ngai.Like one who knows there is a trap but he goes right to it, like him. There are those who say one thing but go over, like he steps on people’s trap.Trampling on another’s words like going through thorns.synroaqcaus:parroaq ‘to act as if didn’t know fence/agreement was breached’
pa–eihpaʔḭːhsewNgai cato ê lư nnai ayóh do doq pa–eih angai ndóung do yôl tumóung.They pointed to many pieces of clothing she sewed for people while she lived.I don’t know why the causative form is used following doq ‘left’.6.6.1Working with cloth
i=2ʔi1indfproclitic form of ngâh unspecified (UNS) or anaphoric subject, ‘one, they, you’ (Imp.) Can be used in a clause modifying a noun where English would use a ‘to’ or ‘for’ purpose clause, e.g., Cốh_upôc_tốq_nnong_itáq_piday. ‘Then he went to the woods to make a field.’ Carchól lâyq_chom_amâh_i–ính. ‘C didn’t know what to want.’.
Oddly, in one example i= appears to verbalize otherwise non verbal words 'wind' and 'waves', i.e., Bâl ixeang bâl ihâp, acâp carlâc nnáng daq! "Enough wind, enough rushing, don’t make waves anymore water! 9.2.3.2Indefinite pronouns2imperImperative clitic form of ngâh preceding one-syllable verbsIbán acay o tumóung acayRaise children to live.Ipếq ipu iru i–ơi la iyư bôn o xéiq acay.Carry and comfort, remember to get the children well grown. 9.4.3.1Imperative
Oddly, in one example i= appears to verbalize otherwise non verbal words 'wind' and 'waves', i.e., Bâl ixeang bâl ihâp, acâp carlâc nnáng daq! "Enough wind, enough rushing, don’t make waves anymore water! 9.2.3.2Indefinite pronouns2imperImperative clitic form of ngâh preceding one-syllable verbsIbán acay o tumóung acayRaise children to live.Ipếq ipu iru i–ơi la iyư bôn o xéiq acay.Carry and comfort, remember to get the children well grown. 9.4.3.1Imperative
ma1maː1butAcho kếh a–ám, kếh ma acho idứh cáh chom, ma tốq mo pôc vayh ma vi acho tun, pôc parui mu acay ngai, tốq mo pôc vayh vi acho tun.The dog was father, but that dog didn’t know how, but wherever they went to look, (but) there the dog followed, went leading their children, wherever they went searching, there was the. dog following.Two parts of a contrary clause will be marked with ma where English would use ‘and’ for the second one.; Apparently interchangeable with cốh_ma. 2contrarilyApe ân chou na daq, ape plóng tangcoi toan acưr tarle cốh ma xáq xi ma tông, “Peday ính cáp ính cha.” § Along ale kire ntâng ma tông, “Peday ính púh ính tính, lư lâyq chom imo?”Those who returned by the water played horns and beat drums and cymbals, but the demons contrarily said, "We want to bite & eat them." The trees, bamboo, rattan and other vines said, "We want to hit and beat them--don't know why?"3and-negativeNdóung rnôq mương he, puôq ma lư atóuq.During field clearing (burning season) in our region, it's sunny and very hot (ma 'and-negative')
achơ ngơuqʔacɤː ŋɤːwʔstupid; ignorant, dull-witted, mentally retardedA–i a–ám yoa ipôc hoc cốh phai pôc hoc, acâp ngâh iyư lám ính cloun, tốq dyê xéiq nô ra ma lâyq bôn chom uráq u–ar cốh ngai tông do cốh láh achơ ngơuq....Ipe a–em iyư inô ntra ân lâyq ichom uráq u–ar cốh damo damo ma ính padâm ính pilốh he, tông he achơ, cốh ma íh lư achơ ma cou lâyq bôn nnau pahoc cốh vaih lâyq ichom.Parents send you to go study, so must go study, don't only think about wanting to play--when grown up in the future if don't know writing then people will say, "He is stupid."...Younger brothers, remember the past when we didn't know writing so everyone wanted to oppress wanted to deceive us, said we were stupid, but we weren't really stupid, but because there was no one to teach resulting in our not knowing.cfachơcaus:pichơ
turáqturaʔwriting; letters; word; documentChom turáq.Know letters, be literate.3.5.3.1Word3.5.7.2Written materialpa
cơi1kɤːjusually; habitual; used to; acquainted withCư cơi pôc tốq Vân Kiêu.I’m used to going to Bru country.Do cơi taláh tál náq do ân át tu.He usually released one prisoner.Cư cơi táq r–ay ngcốh.I know how to do that.Aux includes meaning of habitual, but also of being acquainted with.synkensit: khoiq kencflling
tháchthaccleanTốq mương ngkếh ixu pôc plây daq taníng ma lư a–âyh, cáh thách cáh the.One goes to that region to look to buy honey, but very dirty, not clean.Inha chom, vê thinh thách théq lư utáq.You know, they practice very clean hygiene.5.6.1Clean, dirtypc; paVN
tiréctirɛkquestion; investigateDo plốh do tiréc, ính chom ngéq.He asks, he questions, wants to know everything.Nháng choul ipe plốh tiréc proaq ân nháng táq.We-2 suffer you question the work we did.