Appendices

 

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: COLOR TERMS
Color terms in Tangshang Naga are somewhat complicated, but some terms do not occur, such as blue, violet, brown, orange, pink, purple. The color terms in Tangshang have intensifiers which denote the quality of the colors. The intensifiers are different from simple adverbs like hiax “very”. Although hiax can modify the colors, the intensifiers are more frequently used. For the effect of intensification, the color terms can function as adjectives and nouns since verbs and adjectives have verbal forms and nominal forms.

älüz – white
lüz tiiqtiiq – sort of white or look pale
lüz tiiq – very white
lüz täliix – completely white
lüz riirii – sort of crystal white
lüz rii – very crystal white
änyaq – black
nyaq riiqriiq – sort of black or look black
nyaq riiq – very black
nyaq täliix – completely black
nyaq dawkdawk – sort of dark (in color only) or look dark
nyaq dawk – very dark
nyaq täliix – completely dark
äshii – red
shii räkräk – sort of red or look red
shii räk – very red
shii täliix – completely red
shii cyämzcyämz – sort of sparkling red or look sparkling red
shiiq cyämz – very sparkling red
ämin – yellow
min tiiqtiiq – sort of yellow or look yellow
min tiiq – very yellow
ävaiz – green
vaiz cyätcyät – sort of green or look green
vaiz cyät – very green
vaizcyix vaizcya – in range of green

APPENDIX B: GEOPOLITICAL TERMS
Tangshang Naga has some specific geopolitical terms. These are listed as follows:
Mungkang – world
Mungyawng (also Mängyawng) – world
Mungkang hiq, Mungyawng hiq (also Mängyawng hiq) – earth
Mung (also Mungdam) – nation
Hiqshawngx – village
Cyela – town
Vang – state or province
Riyin – region
Hixvez Mung – nagaland
Kälii Mung – India
Minz Mung (also Buzrämaz) – country of Myanmar
Khiixhix Mung – Kachin State
Khe Mung (also Cyezna) – China
Bawriiz Mung – Chin State
Vumz Mung – Karen State
Ningxraxtsix Mung – United Kingdom (lit. English Country)
Ämixrixkanx Mung – United States
Saiyäm Mung – Thailand
Cyexpanx Mung – Japan

APPENDIX C: AGREEMENT MARKERS
Agreement markers occur depending on the subject and the tense in Tangshang Naga. The following illustrative examples tell how they are marked. While explaining agreement markers, subject pronouns are also already mentioned here.

Present or Continuous Tense:
The third person agreement marker is the same whether the subject is singular or plural. There are also inclusive and exclusive pronouns for second person plural. However, the agreement is not differentiated. The exclusive form is "naizshiq" and the inclusive form is "nazshiq".
1sg Ngiz kiz täkängx. “I am going.” or “I go.”
1pl Naizshiq kiz täkaix. “We are going.” or “We go.”
2sg Ümznäq kiz tälaüx. “You are going.” or “You go.”
2pl Nämzshiq kiz tälänx. “You are going.” or “You go.”
3sg Äpaiq kiz tälawx. “He is going.” or “He goes.”
3pl Tsängxshiq kiz tälawx. “They are going.” or “They go.”

Past Tense:
For past tense agreement is formed by dropping the pre-syllable, "tä-", and keeping the rest. However, it is important to note that the third person has as exception; the agreement marker changes form.
1sg Ngiz kiz kängx. “I went.”
1pl Naizshiq kiz kaix. “We went”
2sg Ümznäq kiz laüx. “You went.”
2pl Nämzshiq kiz länx. “You went.”
3sg Äpaiq kiz tawx. “He went.”
3pl Tsängxshiq kiz tawx. “They went.”

Future Tense:
The main particle of the future tense is "mi", meaning “will”, and the agreement marker is the initial consonant "h". However, the third person subject does not have specific agreement markers. In special cases the marker "hiq" is only used, when the subject is not sure or certain of the action.
1sg Ngiz mi kiz ha. “I will go.”
1pl Naizshiq mi kiz hai. “We will go.”
2sg Ümznäq mi kiz haü. “You will go.”
2pl Nämzshiq mi kiz hän. “You will go.”
3sg Äpaiq mi kiz. “He will go.”
3pl Tsängxshiq mi kiz. “They will go.”

Negative Marker:
The negative agreement marker begins with the initial consonant "m-". The negative markers occur for all tenses. Only the context will reveal the tenses.
1sg Ngiz kiz mängx. “I will not go.”
1pl Naizshiq kiz maix. “We will not go.”
2sg Ümznäq kiz maüx. “You will not go.”
2pl Nämzshiq kiz mänx. “You will not go.”
3sg Äpaiq kiz mäk. “He will not go.”
3pl Tsängxshiq kiz mäk. “They will not go.”

APPENDIX D: NUMBERS
Numbers
Counting numbers in Tangshang are simple but the conjunction, "rix", “and”, serves as a link for more numbers after 10, like 11, 12, 13, 111, and on. This is similar to English when "and" is used as a conjunction. For example: one hundred and one, for 111.
Tangshang English number
Äshiz 1
Änaix 2
Ädzäm 3
Bälaix 4
Bängix 5
Tärawk 6
Mäshi 7
Täcyat 8
Täkaüz 9
Rawqshiz 10
Rawqshiz rix äshiz 11
Rawqshiz rix änaix 12
Rawqshiz rix ädzäm 13
Rawq naix 20
Rawq bängix 50
Shixshiz 100
Shixshiz rix rawqshiz rix äshiz 111
Hingshiz 1000
Hing naix 2000
Munshiz 10000
Senshiz 100000
Vanshiz 1000000
Kawtixshiz 10000000