Search results for "ugal"

paN- -an₂ TACR. this circumfix encodes non-past tense and cross-references a topicalized time or place; it co-occurs with Class 4 transitive verbs and some members of Class 1 and Class 2 intransitive movement verbs. An daana udot di pangal-am hi em itugatugal? Where do you get the money to be continuously gambling? Pinhod mu ke bon mun-ang-ang hi sini ya dakol di damanah pangayam. If you want to see a movie, there are many places you can go. Takon di hay dangli na ya maid ta daana mo peman di e pangal-an nan inayana? Because they had nothing, he was not even given the customary death ritual for how could his poor wife afford it? Kinali kediyen eda panggopan ke dida ya inila da moy aton da ya hay eda kipustuwan. That’s why on the day of the raid, they knew what to do and where to post themselves. Em hanhanan ten kakon-anay pangayan da ad Manila. Go ask him when they will go to Manila. Sim: naN- -an. (sem. domains: 9.2.9.1 - Verb affixes.)

odon₁ comm. valuable possessions; inheritance. Ha-oy di namoltan hi odon Ama. I inherited the valuable possessions of my father. Inggatang nay payo da ya odon da ta hay ahan itugal na. He sold their ricefields and heirlooms just to have money with which to gamble. Sim: tawid, boltan. (sem. domains: 8.3.7.9 - Value, 6.8.1.1 - Own, possess.)

muN- -in- this prefix encodes the distribution of an action or activity denoted by a verb over time or space. Mundingngol an nangapput kah tugal. It is being heard that you won in gambling. Mungginawa dih dimmatong kami. It was midnight when we arrived.

mundingngol (infl. of dongol) intrans. to hear something in many places; to hear news. Mundingngol an nangapput kah tugal. It is being heard that you won in gambling. muN‑ ‑iN‑.

muN- TACR. 1this prefix encodes non-past tense, durative time aspect; it cross-references the subject and is the default affix for Class 1 verbal roots. <Morphophonology: The velar consonant in coda position assimilates to the point of articulation of the first consonant in the root.> Mungngahngahak yaden mungkaliyak hi bale mi. I gasped for breath and yet I shouted at our house. Itikod mun muntugal an ap-apuk. Stop gambling, grandson. An mun-in-inop ka? Inid-onah nunhina-ob an pukol ku. “Are you dreaming?” She held me by my shoulders. 2non-past tense, signals a durative aspect activity rather than a punctiliar action when co-occuring with a transitive verbal root, cross-references subject. Dakol kami an naamung nah plaza an munhood kamih lugan. Many of us gathered at the plaza to wait for a ride. Ta mundadaan dah ibaddang dan hiya. So that they will prepare whatever they will give to help. Katatakut pay an e bumah-el te dakol di talak an muntutun-ud. It is even dangerous to cross the street since there are many buses lined up one after the other. 3when the prefix co-occurs with the reduplicant CV(C)-, it encodes non-past tense, durative-continuative aspect and cross-references the subject. Deket palhu di pangiha-angam, mahapul an uggan mu ikiwa ta mun-iingngoy lutu na. If a skillet is used, it is necessary to stir the rice from time to time so that it will be cooked evenly. Mumpaypaytuk ya mungkuli. She was jumping up and down and screaming. 4when this affix co-occurs with Class 6 verb roots, it changes statives to durative processes; it encodes non-past tense and cross-references the subject. Mihmihdi nah munhihilong ya nah kakaiw an dakol di hapang nan mahdol di tubuna. It stays in dark places (becoming dark) or in trees with thick, leafy branches. Deket dakol di binokbok na ya mapul-ukan an mumpait. When too much binokbok-yeast is used, the wine will become bitter. 5the prefix derives verbs from nouns; it encodes non-past tense and cross-references the subject. Ya pinhod ot Mayor ya dakol day binabain mun-ampuyo. What the Mayor wanted was that many women would wear the Ifugao skirt. Mumboga da ya mungkail da. They prepare rice and make wine. Adina itikod an mumbaki te wadanwaday takut na an kumpulmin tiempu ya mate. He does not stop doing the rituals because his fear is that he might die at anytime. 6the prefix encodes non-past tense, reflexive and cross-references both the subject and object expressed in a single noun phrase. Mahapul an mamitlu kan mun-amo ohan algo. You have to take a bath three times a day (bathe yourself). Imme dah hilong ot muntalu da nah e-elena. They went while it was dark and hid themselves outside of the camp.

mangabak (infl. of abak) intrans. to win, used in regard to court cases, gambling and races. Nangabak hi hinlibu nah tugalan hi Pedro. Pedro won a thousand pesos from gambling. maN‑/naN‑.

man-u 1adjunct. to be fortunate; for something to be good for someone. Man-un ditaku te mangan takuh mumpitlu hin-algo yaden dakol day agun maid kanon da. Good for us because we can eat three times a day when there are many who have no food at all. Kanak hi nomnom kuy “Makamman-un dida te kay nakalakka. I said to myself, “It’s really good for them because it seems easy.” Evaluative. (sem. domains: 4.4.1 - Prosperity.) 2advpred. something is possible, but is not certain; modifies the main clause; implies that it would be a good thing. Man-u te deket nangabak di tagu nah tugal ya mun-an-anla. It might be that when one wins in gambling he is happy. Modality. (sem. domains: 9.4.4.4 - Possible.) comp. man-uke comp. man-upo

maki-₁ mod. this prefix encodes a participatory concept; it indicates that the agent subject is participating with others in an action or activity; non-past tense. Tibom bot adika makidkid-um hi fraternities te maid di hilbin dadiye. See to it also that you don’t join any fraternity groups because they are useless. Hinumang inada, “Te ume kayu moh iskul. Maki-e kan manong mu. Their mother answered, “Because you are going to school. You will go with your brother.” Matukatukal ka an e makitugatugal te mapat-al ya hilong di puntutugalan yu. You stay awake to join in gambling because your gambling goes on night and day. Sim: naki-; Sim: maki- -an, naki- -an. (sem. domains: 9.2.9.1 - Verb affixes.)

makattugal (infl. of tugal) sta. refers to someone who likes to gamble; gambler. Makattugal hi Senio. Senio is fond of gambling. Dingngol ku makattugal ka. I have heard that you are a habitual gambler. makaC1‑.

ma-₁ sta. this prefix encodes the state or property of a referent. Matukatukal ka an e makitugaltugal te mapat-al ya hilong di puntutugalan yu. You do not sleep at night because your gambling goes on night and day. Madam-ot di hagabin (name), hahaggiyon! “The hagabi-bench of (name of owner is inserted) is heavy, hahaggiyon.” (This is chanted as a cheer at the hagabi ceremony.) Nan matadom an wahey maphod hi pundikhal. The sharp ax is the good one for aplitting wood. Sim: na-₁; Sim: na-₁. (sem. domains: 9.2.9.1 - Verb affixes.)

lul-u 1intrans. to bring trouble on oneself because of actions instead of improving one’s life or situation. [Improving one’s life is the expected cultural norm.] Munlul-u ka te itugal mun am-in di pihhu. You are bringing trouble on yourself because you gamble all of your money. muN‑/nuN‑. 1C General class. (sem. domains: 4.4.2 - Trouble.) 2trans. to prod or urge someone. to make trouble. Adim ilul-u diday tutulang mu. Do not prod your relatives to make trouble. Hi Juan di nangilul-un dakami. It was Juan who urged us to make trouble. i‑/iN‑. 3I Direct an action toward an object. (sem. domains: 4.3.1.1 - Bad, immoral.)

lugal 1comm. space, e.g. room to stand or sit in. Maid di lugal mu te napnu. You have no space because it is full. (sem. domains: 8.5.4.3 - Space, room.) 2trans. to make a space for placing something or someone, generally done by moving something that is occupying the space needed. Lugalan yu nan ka-hogop na ta waday ubunana. Make space for the one who just entered so that he can sit down. ‑an/‑in‑ ‑an. 5A Changing state of a site by removal of something. (sem. domains: 7.3.2 - Move something in a direction.) 3comm. generally refers to having time to do something. Maid di lugal kun makingunud bale yu. I have no time to join in working at your house. Language Of Borrowing: Spanish: lugar.

kuluk 1comm. refers to one who cheats; crook. Adika makiay-ayyam ke hiya te kuluk. Do not play with him because he is a crook. (sem. domains: 4.3.1.1 - Bad, immoral.) 2trans. to be one who cheats; to do something unfair; to cheat. Kulukom nan tugal ta mangapput ka. Shuffle the cards unfairly so that you will win. Nakuluk nan bangka. That card-dealer cheats. ‑on/‑in‑, na‑. (sem. domains: 6.8.9.2 - Cheat.) Language Of Borrowing: English: crook.

kon₁ int. question marker, marks a yes-no question, usually used for confirming; may also be used as a rhetorical question marker. Kon pinhod mun e makih-od? Do you want to join in waiting? “Kon matiboy bibiyo?” kanan bon ina. “Can you see a fairy?” mother said. Kon tuwali waday kimmadangyan hi tugal? Was there ever one who became a rich man through gambling? “Kay na ot kanan di Lata. Ina, kon wada damdamay nangang-angam ketuwen bibiyo?” kanak. “It was like she said Lata. Mother, have you also seen this fairy?” I asked. (sem. domains: 3.5.1.5 - Ask.)

kay ku intugal di inatuk (id. of tugal) I lost a lot; I wasted my time, work I lost a lot; I wasted my time, or work. ( It’s like I gambled my tiredness/efforts.)

kawwan trans. to keep something for oneself. Makakkawwanak hi pihhu te naligat an hamakon. I keep money (I am frugal) because money is hard to earn. makaC1‑.

kadangyan 1comm. traditionally this word referred only to the class of Ifugao who had performed prestige rituals, aristocrat, but it may now refer to any person who has wealth. Kadangyan di tagun waday pangulug nan Apu Dios. A person who has faith in God is rich. Inilak nan ohan iiba taku an kadangyan ni-an mu numbalin hi nawotwot te matugal. I know of one of our relatives who was once a very rich man but turned out to be a poor man because he was a gambler. Bokon taku met kadangyan ya maid di tawidon yu. We are not rich and you have nothing to inherit. Opp: wotwot. (sem. domains: 4.1.2 - Types of people, 6.8.1.2 - Rich.) 2comm. this word is used to refer to the highest class of people in Ifugao traditionally, those who have performed all of the rituals of prestige feasts. Hay humagabi ya hay kadangyan. The one who performs the humgabi-ritual must be rich. Cultural note: In traditional society, there were three classes of people: kadangyan - aristocrats, tagu - common people, children of the kadangyan who did not perform the wealth rituals, nawotwot - the poor. 3proc. to become rich or wealthy. Kumadangyan day mahlun tagu. Industrious people become rich. Kon tuwali waday kimmadangyan hi tugal? Rightly so, was there ever one who became a rich man through gambling? ‑um‑/‑imm‑. 2G Processes. 4trans. to enrich someone with something or to be enriched. Ikadangyan mu nan inakom. You will enrich yourself with what you stole. Pakiala day kinadangyan diyen boble. They will also get the wealth that enriched that village. i‑ ‑an/iN‑ ‑an,‑an/‑in‑ ‑an. id. ikadangyan di imbabale say. Hay uya-uy di puntopong hi kinadangyan di ohan tagu.

kabig₂ intrans. to win; multiply money by gambling. Pihu nan indat mu ot itugal ku ya kimmabig ot munhinggatut. You gave me one peso which I gambled and it multiplied to one hundred. ‑um‑/‑imm‑. 2G Processes. (sem. domains: 6.8.2.2 - Make profit.)

itugal di nitaguwan (id. of tugal) to risk everything (lit. to gamble life).

iN- TACR. 1this prefix encodes past tense, a punctiliar time aspect and cross-references the direct object with the conveyed semantic role; it is a member of the default affix set for Class 3 verbal roots. Inha-ad da nan basket hi bale. They placed the basket in our house. Sim: i-₁. (sem. domains: 9.2.9.1 - Verb affixes.) 2this prefix encodes past tense and punctiliar aspect; it derives a transitive verb when it co-occurs with Class 1A intransitive movement verbal roots and cross-references an object that moves with the agent, e.g. to bring something or to take something. In-alik nan liblum. I brought your book. 3this prefix encodes past tense, punctiliar aspect, and cross-references an instrument object with Class 4 verbal roots. Indikhal na nan matadom an wahe. He used the sharp ax to split wood. 4this prefix encodes past tense, punctiliar aspect and expresses a manner component related to the phrase or clause in the direct object NP position of the main clause. Initpol nay takut nan kananah nomnom nay kapyana nin. He endured/controlled his fear and thought maybe that’s just its nature. Indalan da Bugan nah papayo. Bugan and her mother walked through the ricefields. 5this prefix encodes past tense; co-occurs with a time aspect adverbial predicate and cross-references the clause embedded in the object NP position of the main clause. Intuluy nan mangan inggana nabhug. He continued to eat until he was satisfied. Intikod nan muntugal te binungotan ama na. He stopped gambling because his father scolded him. 6this prefix encodes non-past tense, derives a verb from a noun, and the object is usually incorporated though a specific object may be explicit and cross-referenced. In-akbut na nan bulwati na. He backpacked his clothes. 7this prefix encodes past tense and punctiliar aspect; it co-occurs with speech verbs and cross references the object that refers to what is said. “Mapopotangan ka ya abuh di,” inhumang amana. You will just be standing in the sun,” answered his father. Inun-unud day imbagan Pablo ot ahi pumhod nan unga. They did what Pablo told them and the child got well.

‑imm‑ TACR. 1this infix is the default affix for Class 2 verbal roots; past tense, punctiliar aspect; cross references the subject. Bimmangun kanuh ho- Abe ot to- mangen muntikid an umed Talih hi abung na. Reportedly, Abe got up and er..went climbing toward Talih to his hut. Sim: ‑um‑. (sem. domains: 9.2.9.1 - Verb affixes.) 2when affixed to transitive verbs, this infix encodes past tense and punctiliar aspect; it cross-references subject and expresses partitive quantification of the undergoer object. 3this infix encodes a process completive aspect and cross-references the subject. Himmapit hi Apu Paredes ot kinalikali da mu toan kay dibdib ya abun munlau. Sir Paredes gave a speech, followed by Sir Datumanong’s inspirational talk; they said many good things, but who knows if their words are just like the wind that passes by. Kon tuwali waday kimmadangyan hi tugal? Rightly so, was there ever one who became a rich man through gambling? 4this infix derives a verb from a noun; cross references the subject; past tense. Mu adi nama-ag on himmagabiy tagu. But not just anyone can perform the hagabi ceremony.

i-₁ TACR. 1this prefix encodes non-past tense, a punctiliar time aspect and cross-references the direct object with the conveyed semantic role. It is a member of the default affix set for Class 3 verbal roots. Iha-ad muh nae hitu. Place that one here. Iha-ad da nan basket hi bale. They will put the basket in our house. Kay anhan ya idatong dah boble ta inay-un dah dolan di himmagabi. Sooner or later, the hagabi-bench will arrive in the village brought by the men and to the yard of the man performing the ceremony. Em iwaklin nan buhi. Put the wine jar in a safe place. Sim: iN-. (sem. domains: 9.2.9.1 - Verb affixes.) 2the prefix encodes non-past tense and punctiliar aspect; it derives a transitive verb when it co-occurs with Class 1A intransitive movement verbal roots and cross-references an object that moves with the agent, e.g. to bring something or to take something. I-alik nan liblum. I will bring your book. (I will come bringing your book.) 3the prefix encodes non-past tense, punctiliar aspect, and cross references an instrument object with Class 4 verbal roots. Idikhal na nan matadom an wahe. He will use the sharp ax to split wood. Nganney ipalang mu? What will you use to cut with? Inggatang nay payo da ya odon da ta hay ahan itugal na. He sold their ricefields and heirlooms just to have money with which to gamble. 4the prefix encodes non-past tense, punctiliar aspect and expresses a manner component related to the phrase or clause in the direct object NP position of the main clause. Ipdug nay gunggung na. He chases with barking. Adim iploy pangalam hi pencil na. Don’t get his pencil by grabbing. I-ang-ang kuh manayo. I’ll look at the dancers. Kalubam hi daun ya ihamad mu ta maid hunggop hi dibdib. Cover the jar tightly with banana leaves so that no air enters. Namahig di hona da ta ihalhalla day dalan, ihinghingngi day dalan, namam-a ten waday iiban nadan himmagabi nah dalnon da. They go the wrong way, they go out of the way, especially if they know of a relative of the one performing the hagabi-ceremony who lives along the way. 5the prefix encodes non-past tense; co-occurs with a time aspect adverbial predicate and cross-references the clause embedded in the object NP position of the main clause. Ituluy mun mangan inggana mabhug ka. You continue eating until you are satisfied. Itikod mun muntugal an ap-apuk. Stop gambling, grandson. 6the prefix encodes non-past tense, derives a verb from a noun, and the object is usually incorporated though a specific object may be explicit and cross-referenced. Deke bo ta makudang di binokbok na ya madang-o nan hinamal o maid di idanum na. When the binokbok-yeast is insufficient, the rice will either be spoiled (it will not ferment) or it will produce no wine/liquid. Nganney iduyum? What have you placed on your plate (lit. plated)? 7the prefix encodes non-past tense and punctiliar aspect; it co-occurs with speech verbs and cross-references the object that refers to what is said. Mun-ap-apo wak kanu ya- uggek inila nan ia-apok. Aga mot nan bumdang di ia-apok. According to them, I’ll tell a story; oh, I don’t know what to relate. Okay, I’ll tell a story about roaming spirits.

hi det. 1a determiner that marks any noun referring to a person, including kin terms and proper names. <Morphophonology: When the preceding word ends in a vowel, the vowel ‘i’ of the determiner is reduced, and the consonant ‘h’ is attached to the preceding word.> Hi Juan di nangidat ketuwe. It was Juan who gave this. Takon maka-atung on kinawot da ta ialo dah ibba da. Even if it’s very hot, they grab it and throw it at their companions. (sem. domains: 9.2.3.5 - Demonstrative pronouns.) 2marks a definite place that is not a proper noun. Kay anhan ya idatong dah boble ta inay-un dah dolan di himmagabi. Sooner or later, the hagabi-bench will arrive in the village brought by the men and to the yard of the man performing the ceremony. 3marks an indefinite direct or indirect object noun; the marked noun is not cross-referenced by the affix on the verb. Tawagam hi Tayaban ta bumano kah pihhuna. Call Tayaban and borrow money from him. “Maule ot di bibiyo te umidat hi kendi, hiya ina,” an kanak bo. “Fairies are kind because they give candy, isn’t that right, mother?” I said again. 4marks an embedded nominalized clause that expresses a reason for a condition or state in the main clause. An daana udot di pangal-am hi em itugatugal? Where do you get the money to be continuously gambling? hantuh hidiye

gennat 1trans. to grab, particularly used in regard to carabao meat or money used in gambling. Inggennat da nan nuwang. They had (the meat of) the carabao as the free-for-all. i‑/iN‑. 3I Direct an action toward an object. Sim: gehhel. (sem. domains: 7.3.3.1 - Take something from somewhere.) 2rec. to grab each other's meat or money. Munggegennat da nadan muntutugal handih nama-id di dilag. The gamblers were grabbing each other’s bets when the lights went off. muN‑/nuN‑.

e 1to go. 1.1intrans. to move from one place to another; volitional movement with a starting point and a destination; locomotion in a direction away from speaker. <This verb form may appear uninflected and is frequently attached as a pro-clitic to the agent-subject pronoun or the main verb.> Umeyak hi bale. I am going to our house. Imme dah hilong ot muntalu da nah e-elena. They went while it was dark and hid outside of the camp. Eda manibo nadan nangipaptok ketuweh udum an makan mu maid. They (those in charge) went to look for more food but nothing was left. Matukatukal ka an e makitugatugal te mapat-al ya hilong di puntutugalan yu. You stay awake at night to go and join in gambling because your gambling goes on night and day. ‑um‑/‑imm‑. (sem. domains: 7.2 - Move.) 1.2trans. to go and take something with oneself. <The object is cross-referenced.> Iem tun kanon nadan mungngunuh payo. Take the food of the people working in the fields. i‑/iN‑. 1.3trans. the time or place is cross referenced; when or from where someone is leaving. Kon-anay umayan dad Baguio? When are they leaving for Baguio? Ad uwaniy umayan da. They are leaving now. ‑um‑ ‑an/‑imm‑ ‑an. 2intrans. to go towards a specific direction. Mumpaed da-ul nan ahu. The dog went towards the lower area. mumpa‑/numpa‑. 3nom. the place where one goes is cross-referenced; may be used as a greeting. Pangayan yu? Where are you going? Deket naagangan ka ya dakol di pangayan. If you are hungry, there are many places to go. paN‑ ‑an. 4caus. to cause someone or something to go; release or free from prison or an enclosed space. Impae dah Jose an nibalud. They released Jose from jail. Impae na nan tudok. He sent that letter. Impaen Maria hi Juan hi market. Maria sent Juan to market. ipa‑/impa‑. (sem. domains: 7.2.6.4 - Set free.) der. paki-ki-ayan der. pangi-e id. imme infl. ie infl. ine infl. maki-e infl. mange infl. pae infl. pangayan infl. umayan infl. ume
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