kastigu 1comm. punishment. Hinae di kastigu na te mungngohe. That is his punishment because he is obstinate. (sem. domains: 4.7.7 - Punish.) 2trans. to inflict penalty for an offense; to punish. Kastiguwon daka hin mangako ka. They will punish you if you steal. Kinastigu da an impikalabut da. They punished him by imprisoning him. Nan huwes di mangastigu ke he-a. The judge will be the one to punish you. Bokon ya abuh Juan an kastiguwon da. It’s not only Juan whom they will punish. ‑on/‑in‑, maN‑/naN‑. 4B Tactile - Touch contact. Language Of Borrowing: Spanish: castigo.
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kaskasdaaw adj. for something to be inexplicable; amazing, perplexing. Hituwe ya kaskasdaaw mo ahan an naat mu uggeyak timmakut. This that happened was bewildering, but I was not afraid. Takon nan inayana ya matama te kaskasdaaw. Even her spouse did not know (about it) because it was perplexing. Qualifier. (sem. domains: 3.2.4.3 - Mysterious.)
kapyana (der. of kapya) 1advpred. refers to the way things are traditionally or by nature. Nakahillong mo ya kapyanan maid pay hi Juan an dumdumattong. It was already night, in spite of that fact, Juan hadn’t come yet. Kapyanah tuwe. This is customary. Kapyana tuwalin waday punhahallaan di tagu mu takomboy athina ya ip-iphod yun munhuhummangan. It’s natural to have differences between people but even if that’s the case, you should discuss differences diplomatically. Manner. Sim: gagangay. (sem. domains: 8.3.5.1 - Nature, character.) 2nom. the natural characteristic or essence of something. Initpol nay takut nan kananah nomnom nay kapyana nin. He endured/controlled his fear and thought maybe that’s just its nature.
kangeb trans. to bite into food; to bite off pieces of food. Kinangeban di gando hanan intaluk an gattuk. The rats bit a part of the camote I hid. Tipet athituy ang-ang na an kay nakangekangeban. Why does it look like it has been bitten on all sides? Takon di pustisuy bab-am ya pun-ikangeb ot. Even if your teeth are false, just bite with them. ‑an/‑in‑ ‑an, na‑ ‑an + CV(C)CV‑, puN‑ i‑. 5B Changing state of site by removal of something. (sem. domains: 5.2.2.1 - Bite, chew.)
kanta 1comm. refers to a song or music in general. Mundonggol ka hi kanta nah ladyu. Listen to songs/music from the radio. Waday kanta, hapit ya tayo an impatibon nadan nalpuh natkonatkon an boble. There were songs, speeches and dances rendered by different groups from different barrios. (sem. domains: 4.2.3.3 - Sing.) 2intrans. to sing. Takon nadan enungkanta ya nanayo ya uggeda nangan. Even those who sang and danced did not eat. Kanan Juliey, “Dakol di in-innat mi. Nungkanta kami ya pimmaytuk kami. Julie said, “We did many things. We sang and we jumped, muN‑/nuN‑. 3trans. to sing a particular song. Ikantam nan intuddun tulang mu. Sing the song taught by your brother. i‑/iN‑.
kamming-it comm. a bee species; makes house out of soil; the young bee is edible; very small honeycomb can be found on cane grass leaves. Dakol di kammming-it nah nanogpatan da. There are a lot of kamming-it-bees in the place where they cut cane grass. Gen: babayung. (sem. domains: 1.6.1.7 - Insect.)
kami pers. we exclusive; first person, plural, exclusive pronoun; member of Set 2 subject; cross-referenced by verbal affix. Maid kami hidi handi hilong. We were not there last night. Nun-ampuyo kamin am-in an binabai. All of us women wore the Ifugao skirt. Maphod te immaliy dakol hi lugan ot ume kami. Luckily there were many rides so that we could go. (sem. domains: 9.2.3 - Pronouns.)
kali 1comm. language. 1.1comm. human speech: may refer to any unit of utterance such as a word or sentence; may refer to a particular language or dialect. Hinnatkon di kali dah bale da. They speak a different language in their house. Am-in di kalin amam ya un-unudom. Obey all the words of your father. Binalonay nay kalim te inlot mu yaden dakol day tatagu. He didn’t like the way you told him because you said it loudly and there were many people. Uggek bo udot inila nan kali da. I didn’t even know their language. (sem. domains: 3.5.3.1 - Word.) 1.2comm. (fig) refers to the vocal mechanism and the sounds produced; voice. Mababol di kali na. His voice is bassy. (sem. domains: 2.3.2.3 - Types of sounds.) 2speak. 2.1to speak; to say. Sim: hapit. 2.1.1trans. to say something with a focus on what is said. Handih 25th di Aplil kinalin Mayor an umali kanu da Apu Paredes ke Apu Datumanong hitu ad Ifugao. On the 25th of April, the Mayor said, it is reported, that Sir Paredes and Sir Datumanong will come here to Ifugao. Hay pinhod kun kalyon ya piliyom di maphod an barkadom. What I want to say is that you should choose good friends. ‑on/‑in‑. Speech verbs. (sem. domains: 3.5.1 - Say.) 2.1.2intrans. to talk; to utter words; to communicate ideas and thoughts. An kimmali ka? Did you talk? Ugge mi dingngol di nangikalim hi kalida. We did not hear how you talked in their language. Tinuttuduwak an kumali kali da. They taught me how to speak their language. Nih-up da kanu nadan no- mungkalkali ot itikod na. According to him, those who were talking came near him and he stopped. ‑um‑/‑imm‑, muN‑/nuN‑. (sem. domains: 3.5.1 - Say.) 2.1.3nom. A nominalization that focuses on the manner of speaking. Hay pungkalim an pabinnugtak. Your manner of speaking is abrupt and angry. puN‑. 2.1.4trans. to scold or warn. Kinalyana nadan imbabalena ta adida mangun-unud ke hiya. He warned his children so that they will not follow him. ‑an/‑in‑ ‑an. (sem. domains: 3.3.3.7 - Warn.) 2.2trans. to say something by calling to someone. Kaliyam aga din mangen unga. Do call back the boy who is going. Hituwen makalin hagabi di katbalan di tagu peman. This so-called prestige feast hagabi entitles a man to due respect by his co-villagers. ‑an/‑in‑ ‑an. (sem. domains: 3.5.1 - Say.) 3think. 3.1trans. to use the mind to process or consider information or data; to think. Handi pinghanan umeyak hidi ya kalyok on matalakak. When I went there for the first time, I thought I would get lost. Pangalik pe on attiken tagu mu handi immomwa ya atag-e. I thought he was a short man but when he straightened up he was tall. ‑on/‑in‑. (sem. domains: 3.2 - Think.) der. makali id. kay kidul di kalim id. malumii di kali na id. nidallom an kali infl. pangali
kal-ina ket (comp. of kal-ina) adjunct. expresses a future possible contingency. Kal-ina ket maidak hi bigat ya takon di dakayu ya abuy umed Baguio. In case I am not around tomorrow you might as well go to Baguio without me. Attitudinal. (sem. domains: 9.4.4.6.2 - Maybe.)
kal-ina (sp. var. kaina) adjunct. indicates a possibility; might; maybe. Kal-ina ya umali nan hadhad-ok kinali magawidak. The person I am waiting for might arrive so that’s why I must go home. Adim tagan hi ha-ang hi kanon te kal-ina adida umali ya dakol di masubla ya sayang hin madang-o. Don’t keep on cooking food because they might not come and there would be much left-over and it would be wasted if it spoils. Attitudinal. (sem. domains: 9.4.4.4 - Possible.) comp. kal-ina ket comp. kal-ina ot
kalabut 1comm. a building used to house those who have committed a crime; prison; jail. Wada nah kalabut hi tulang mu. Your brother is in jail. (sem. domains: 6.5.1 - Building.) 2trans. to imprison. Ikalabut daka hin mangako ka. They will imprison you if you steal. Nikalabut nan nunggulu. The one who caused trouble is imprisoned. i‑/iN‑, mi‑/ni‑. (sem. domains: 4.7.7.3 - Imprison.) Language Of Borrowing: Spanish: calabuso.
kakon-ana (sp. var. kon-ana) int. when; an interrogative pronoun used to ask about the time of an event or action. Kakon-anay pangialian dah bulwatik. When will they bring my clothes? Kakon-anat ahiyu nomnomon di ustu? When will you adequately think about it? Em hanhanan ten kakon-anay pangayan da ad Manila. Go ask him when they will go to Manila. (sem. domains: 8.4.3 - Indefinite time.)
kakaw (sp. var. kakao) comm. tree and/or fruit, jackfruit variety. [The sap is boiled and the resulting sticky substance is placed on sticks to catch ricebirds in the rice fields.] Pakappodhok di tamtam di kakaw. I like the taste of jackfruit very much. Pakappinhod di dakol nan kakaw. Many people love jackfruit. (sem. domains: 5.2.3.1.2 - Food from fruit.)
kaiw 1comm. the generic word for tree. Muntanom kah kaiw ta waday ahim kaiwon. Plant trees so you’ll have something to get for firewood. Mihmihdi nah munhihilong ya nah kakaiw an dakol di hapang nan mahdol di tubuna. It stays in dark places or in trees with thick, leafy branches. (sem. domains: 1.5.1 - Tree.) 2comm. refers to wood which has been logged. Waday tendaan di bulwati, apatut, makan, kaiw ya gumok. There are stores for clothes, shoes, food, lumber and hardware. Damanan udman di hukbung na ta humdol ne gat-unam hi kaiw Then, put something slightly heavy like a piece of wood, (sem. domains: 6.2.5.4 - Plant product.) 3sta. to be wooded; refers to a forested area; may also refer to the western part of Kiangan, the Tinoc area. Imakaiw di aammod na. His parents are from the forested place. i‑ ma‑. (sem. domains: 1.2.1.6 - Forest, grassland, desert.) der. kaiwon der. mangaiw infl. ka-ka-iw
kaittay (der. of ittay) refers to the time of life when one is young; childhood; youth. Handih kaittay ku ya dakol di istolyan di aammod ya nadan umalih bale. When I was small, the older folks and those who came to our house told many stories. (sem. domains: 8.4.1 - Period of time.)
ka-ka-iw (infl. of kaiw) comm. bush or small tree. Dakol di ka-ka-iw nah muyung. There are plenty of bushes in the forest. (sem. domains: 1.5.2 - Bush, shrub.)
ka- -an₁ nominalizer. this circumfix derives a noun from a verb. Hituwen makalin hagabi di katbalan di tagu peman This so-called prestige feast ‘hagabi’ entitles a man to due respect by his co-villagers Maid di ena id-um hi kanomnoman ya mumbalin tan kay hiyyahiyya. Nothing is added to your wisdom and we may become proud and boastful. Dakol di tatagun umed Manila Bay ten himbatangan te da tibon nan kalimuhan nan algo. Many people go to Manila Bay in the afternoon because they go to see the setting of the sun. (sem. domains: 9.2.9.3 - Derivational affixes.)
ka- CV- this prefix combination encodes the tendency to become the characteristic expressed in the root or the tendency to go through a process. Katatakut pay an e bumah-el te dakol di talak an muntutun-ud. It is even dangerous (frightening) to cross the street since there are many buses lined up one after the other. Kapupuhik nan basu. That cup is breakable (easily broken). (sem. domains: 9.2.9.1 - Verb affixes.)
kadangyan 1comm. traditionally this word referred only to the class of Ifugao who had performed prestige rituals, aristocrat, but it may now refer to any person who has wealth. Kadangyan di tagun waday pangulug nan Apu Dios. A person who has faith in God is rich. Inilak nan ohan iiba taku an kadangyan ni-an mu numbalin hi nawotwot te matugal. I know of one of our relatives who was once a very rich man but turned out to be a poor man because he was a gambler. Bokon taku met kadangyan ya maid di tawidon yu. We are not rich and you have nothing to inherit. Opp: wotwot. (sem. domains: 4.1.2 - Types of people, 6.8.1.2 - Rich.) 2comm. this word is used to refer to the highest class of people in Ifugao traditionally, those who have performed all of the rituals of prestige feasts. Hay humagabi ya hay kadangyan. The one who performs the humgabi-ritual must be rich. Cultural note: In traditional society, there were three classes of people: kadangyan - aristocrats, tagu - common people, children of the kadangyan who did not perform the wealth rituals, nawotwot - the poor. 3proc. to become rich or wealthy. Kumadangyan day mahlun tagu. Industrious people become rich. Kon tuwali waday kimmadangyan hi tugal? Rightly so, was there ever one who became a rich man through gambling? ‑um‑/‑imm‑. 2G Processes. 4trans. to enrich someone with something or to be enriched. Ikadangyan mu nan inakom. You will enrich yourself with what you stole. Pakiala day kinadangyan diyen boble. They will also get the wealth that enriched that village. i‑ ‑an/iN‑ ‑an,‑an/‑in‑ ‑an. id. ikadangyan di imbabale say. Hay uya-uy di puntopong hi kinadangyan di ohan tagu.
kadakol (der. of dakol) nom. refers to the amount or number of an entity. Nah kadakol di tatagu ya mahapul an halipat-an di pihhu. With the number of people, you have to be careful with your money. Hay kadakol di danum weno gatan di niyug ya nangamung di pinhod. The amount of water or coconut milk depends on what one prefers. Bukalom nan binokbok ya konoknongom di kadakol di punhagmuk mu. Now, crush the binokbok-leaves into powder and estimate how much you need. ka‑. (sem. domains: 8.1 - Quantity.)
kaCV- mod. to have a tendency toward certain behavior or have the characteristic encoded in the root. <The prefix ka- requires the cooccurence of the CV- reduplication to encode the ‘tendency’ modal concept.
kabigabigat (der. of big’at) nom. everyday. Kabigabigat on nangin-innum da ya nunhahamul da nah muyung. Everyday these men feasted and drank in the forest. Kabigabigat on ek tinangad hanan mangga min dakol di bunga na. Everyday I went and looked up at our mango tree which had much fruit. (sem. domains: 8.4.7.3 - Interval.)
kaban₁ 1comm. a measure of rice; a container with 50 kilos of rice. Deket kalyon day ohan kaban an boga on limay pulun kilo kinali hingkaban di upuwon dah ohan bulan. If they say one container of rice is fifty kilos that is why one container is what they consume in one month. (sem. domains: 8.2.8 - Measure, 6.7.7 - Container.) 2trans. refers to a container that has been filled with 50 kilos of rice. Kinaban di gattangonah boga te dakol da. He buys rice by the kavan-container because there are many of them. ‑in‑. Language Of Borrowing: Spanish.
kaan 1removal of something. 1.1trans. to remove something. Kaanom nan lugit hi bulwatim. Remove the dirt on your dress. ‑on/‑in‑. Class 4D Release, remove, detach object. Sim: longdada. (sem. domains: 7.3.2.7 - Take something out of something.) 1.2trans. to remove part of a substance with the partial component in focus. Kumaan ka nah dotag da Pedlo. Remove some from the meat of Pedro. ‑um‑/‑imm‑. 1.3trans. to remove part of a substance with a directional component in focus. Ikaan mu nah bokalaok. Deduct it from my wages. i‑/iN‑. 1.4trans. to remove part of a substance with a site component in focus. Kaanan yu nan pah-onok te madam-ot. Remove some of what I’m to carry because it’s heavy. ‑an/‑in‑ ‑an. 2removal of something. 2.1nom. to remove oneself from a job; resignation. Namodwong nah em pungkaanan. She was surprised at your resignation (lit. removal). puN‑ ‑an. (sem. domains: 7.2.7.1 - Stop moving.) 2.2nom. the removal of something. Takon ad uwani ya hay pangaan hi dogoy pangipuunan di dakol an tataguh pangulug da. Even today, healing (lit. removal of sickness) is the foremost reason that many people have faith. paN‑.
